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Surfing the Talmudic Seas
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Written by Dr Russell Jay Hendel
Volume 8 Number 4
Produced Nov 10, 2000
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NEW WEB EVENTS FREE DOWNLOADS
============== ==============
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QUESTIONS FROM READERS
======================
GILBERT ISSARD generates a lively discussion on the best way
to learn Rashi. Do you begin by asking questions and seeing
problems in the verse? Or do you begin by reviewing overall
style? Supported by the great French commentator Ralbag we
advocate a STYLE first approach.
Gn11-03b CHAIIM LOIKE and I had a delightful conversation a year
ago during a Sheva Bracoth on why Rashi insisted on a
unified meaning to the Hebrew word HVH. The Aramaic
translation approach (2 meanings) seemed more natural.
After examining many formulations I finally found a
presentation that I believe fully answers this
questions.
WEEKLY PARSHAH SERIES
=====================
MORE RASHIS ON MODERN NOTATION
==============================
GN17-07a An insightful Rashi showing how modern notation
techniques (Headers and paragraph indentations)
were accomplished using KeyWords in the Bible.
Gn17-11a Some Rashis on classical grammar
Gn17-10a What is the difference between a >CONTRACT< and
a >TREATY<
Rashis covered in this issue
----------------------------
VERSE RULE BRIEF DESCRIPTION
======== =============== ========================================
Gn17-07a OVERALL STRUCTR Keywords indicate paragraph structure
Gn17-08a OVERALL STRUCTR Keywords indicate paragraph structure
Gn17-11a GRAMMAR Rashi teaches classical verb conjugation
Gn17-23b GRAMMAR Rashi teaches classical verb conjugation
Gn17-24a GRAMMAR Rashi teaches classical verb conjugation
Gn17-10a DOUBLE PARSHAS CONTRACT vs TREATY.What is difference?
Gn17-10b DOUBLE PARSHAS CONTRACT vs TREATY.What is difference?
Gn11-03b UNIFIED MEANING Hay-Vuv-Hey means TO PREPARE TO OBTAIN
Ex01-10b UNIFIED MEANING Hay-Vuv-Hey means TO PREPARE TO OBTAIN
Gn11-07a UNIFIED MEANING Hay-Vuv-Hey means TO PREPARE TO OBTAIN
Gn30-01b UNIFIED MEANING Hay-Vuv-Hey means TO PREPARE TO OBTAIN
Gn38-16b UNIFIED MEANING Hay-Vuv-Hey means TO PREPARE TO OBTAIN
-----------------------------------------------------------------
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RASHI IS SIMPLE
GOALS: To grammatically defend all 8000 Rashis on Chumash.
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NOTATION: eg Gn01-02a refers Genesis, Chapter 1, Verse 2,Rashi a
SPECIALS:...on Parshah,Rambam,Ramban,Pedagogy,Symbolism
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VERSE: v9-e-10a
From Gilbert Issard
To: rjhendel@juno.com
Date: Oct 2000
Subject: RE: Difference between Me & Dr Liebowitz
Russell,
Thank you for your answer. [MODERAOR: In Volume 7 Number 25
GILBERT and I WERE DISCUSSING THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
--THE PROBLEM APPROACH to Rashi > WHAT IS BOTHERING RASHI< vs
--THE STYLE-DATABASE APPROACH USED IN THIS EMAIL LIST]
Gilbert continues
Sometimes I have the impression we disagree whereas we
don't. Perhaps my immoderate taste for makhloket who
knows ?
I agree with your point that the DATABASE QUERY is the
proper mean to back an analysis.
This brings me to another remark concerning the
question of wether Rashi has a problem or not.
The PROBLEM approach is very useful when you begin
with Rashi. I used it a lot since it puts you in a
very positive proactive attitude. It obliges you to
ask the question : why has rashi made this comment ?
What is he up to ? Now I more and more see your point
and less and less adopt Leibowitz's approach.
Once again, I will make remarks which I think are not
in disagreement with you. If it is the case let me
know.
The purpose of any commentary is to _catch the
meaning_ of the text. There is a problem with the
Torah. RASHI, you, I and any reader of the tanakh has
a problem which is : what does the text mean ? If you
don't think it has meaning you should rather wonder
what yiddishkeit means for you .
Now, how do you find meaning ? The first level is to
solve problems in the text. True, an inconsistent text
is not meaningful at first. Consequently,
inconsistency must be resolved since if not, the text
would not be meaningful. But meaning does not arises
uniquely from inconsistency. Everything in the tanakh
is meaningful, including the style, the form of the
text, the grammar, the wording... I don't think Rashi
had a problem, except to grasp the meaning of the
tanakh. Your method (or Rabbi Ishmael's method) is not
contradictory with Leibowitz approach it is just a
kind of : 'level 2' approach, a generalization so to
speak.
Yasher koach ve-shabbat shalom
Gilbert
=====
Gilbert
___________________________________________________________
Do You Yahoo!? -- Pour dialoguer en direct avec vos amis,
Yahoo! Messenger : http://fr.messenger.yahoo.com
[MODERATOR: This is my response]
Gilbert
This is my resposne.
Thank you for your response. You clearly articulated WHY I
disagree. My >STYLE< approach is NOT a >level 2< approach.
Rather it is a >level 1< approach.
You don't BEGIN Rashi by asking what problems there are in
the text. You rather BEGIN Rashi by asking about the STYLE.
--Where are the PARAGRAPHS
--What themes are repeated
--Does the style encourage GENERALIZATION/SPECIFICATION
ONLY AFTER the style has been examined can you go to the
other problems (if there are any left).
As you can see this is a real difference.
In passing this approach was advocated by the RALBAG in his
introduction to his great commentary on Job. Ralbag points
out
>>You dont begin a translation by translating words. Rather
>>you FIRST listen to what the text says and only then do
>>you decide what the words mean
Note the amusement that Ralbag REJECTS translating a text
by translating the words first. (If Rashi is characterized
by Database brevity and Rambam is characterized by logical
organization then the Ralbag is characterized by profundity)
I invite you to reread the last few issues of Rashi is
Simple which deal with issues of paragraphing and judge
yourself
Finally there are some beautiful examples in this issue
Russell Hendel; Moderator Rashi is Simple
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VERSE: Gn17-07a
RASHIS COVERED: Gn17-07a Gn17-08a
OVERVIEW:
========
Rashi indicates paragraph structure. We have several
times indicated that >MODERN< notation
---headings,
---emphasis,
---blank lines,
---paragraph structures
are indicated in the Bible using >KEYWORDS< &>REPETITION STYLES<;
for example the GENERAL-DETAIL-GENERAL style.
EXAMPLE
=======
Gn17-07a
----------------------------------------------------------------
HEADER OF PARAGRAPH TOPIC SENTENCE CONTENT
===================== ============== ==========================
I'll Make a convenant
To be your God
To give Israel to the Jews
& Be your God
*1 *2 *3
----------------------------------------------------------------
NOTES
=====
*1 Rashi explains that the opening phrase >Ill make a convenant<
is a >HEADER< -- the short phrase we place before the
paragraph. It is usually in >BOLD< and in a >Different font
size< Rashi learned this from the >GENERAL-DETAIL< style
>GENERAL< Ill make a convenant
>DETAIL< To be your God and give you Israel
*2
*3 Rashi explains that >Having a God< and >Having a country< are
the same. In his own words >Whoever lives outside of Israel
is as if he/she lives without a God<. Rashi learned this
from the A-B-A or >GENERAL-DETAIL-GENERAL< form
>GENERAL< I will be your God
>DETAIL< And give your children Israel
>GENERAL< To be their God
In modern notation we could have made this a >PARAGRAPH<--a
unit of thought surrounded by >BLANK LINES<. In the Bible
however we can use an G-P-G form to indicate a paragraph.
The >GENERAL< clause indicates what we call in English the
>Topic sentence<.
Note that according to Rabbi Ishmaels rules of style the
>GENERAL-DETAIL-GENERAL< form requires a >Broad<
interpretation of the >DETAIL< clause. Hence Rashi says
>You can't have a God unless you have your own country--
whoever lives outside Israel is as if he/she lives without
a God<.
Rashi learned this NOT from the juxtaposition of phrases
>have a God, give them Israel< but rather Rashi learned
this from the >GENERAL-DETAIL-GENERAL< form which requires
generalization.
The above analysis represents a new approach to Biblical
interpretation that >GOES BEYOND NECHAMA LEIBOWITZ< It is
deep. I welcome (as usual) questions. We will further
develop this over the next few months.
Eventually I will develop a >STYLE DATABASE< which will
list verses by >PARAGRAPH STYLE<
RULES USED: OVERALL STRUCTURE
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VERSE: Gn17-10a
RASHIS COVERED: Gn17-10a Gn17-10b
RULE
====
>Convenants< in the Bible are made >For all generations< The
Biblical languague used to indicate this is >for YOU and
YOUR CHILDREN<. As the LIST below shows this language occurs
in almost all convenants.
Another way of looking at this is to contrast the >CONVENANT<
with the >CONTRACT<. A >CONTRACT< is between two parties--it
is never inherited. If I contract to build a house then my
children have no obligation to complete it. But a >CONVENANT<
or >TREATY< is a sort of >NATIONAL CHARTER< which is binding
on both the person and his progeny.
The Civil War was fought because the South perceived the
constitution as a >CONTRACT< that could be broken instead of
something everlasting. The constitution is not a >CONTRACT<
but rather a >TREATY<
{LIST}
Verses discussing convenants. The Bible explicitly states that
the convenant applies to both >YOU< and >YOUR CHILDREN<. A
>CONVENANT< unlike a >CONTRACT< is everlasting & inherited to
generations
=================================================================
CHAPTER WHO PROMISED WITH WHOM CHILDREN? TOPIC OF CONVENANT
======= ============ ========= ========= ==================
Gn09 God Noach Yes*1 no destroy world
Gn15 God Abraham Yes*1 Give Israel
Gn21 Abraham Avimelech Yes*1 Peace Treaty
Dt05 God Jews Yes*1 10 Commandments
Dt29 God Jews Yes*1 Follow Law
Gn26-28 Isaac Avimelech NO*2 Peace Treaty
NOTES
=====
*1 The Biblical language indicating >YOU and CHILDREN< differs
in each place. Thus
-in Gn21 it speaks about CHILDREN-GRANDCHILDREN.
-In Dt05 and Dt29 it explicitly says >Not only with you
is this treaty being made but ALSO with
your children<
-In Gn09, Gn15.. it says to >YOU and YOUR CHILDREN<
*2 This seems to be an exception. I do not presently know the
reason; I have not seen any commentators who speak about it
RULE USED: DOUBLE PARSHAS
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VERSE: Gn17-11a
RASHIS COVERED: Gn17-11a Gn17-23b Gn17-24a
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:Immediately after I published Volume 8 Number 4,I
noticed an error which I corrected when I posted this digest on
the web. The redone posting will be reposted in Volume 8 Number 5
In correcting this posting I was aided by LISTS in the book
SEFER AMAYLIM BATORAH, by Al Silberman(As well as my own)
RULE
====
Rashi here simply reviews basic Hebrew Grammar. It is
well known that in Hebrew
---words come from 3 letter roots
---each root can be conjugated to indicate PERSON, TIME,...
---for example >ShMRTI< means >I watched<;
>ShMRTA< means >YOU WATCHED<
>ShMR< means >HE WATCHED<
---One can purchase books that give conjugation tables for the
various types of verbs.
---A very good 12 page summary of all grammar rules can be
found in the back of the >EVEN-SHOSHAN HEBREW< dictionary
Other popular books are eg 201 Ways to Conjugate Verbs
COMMENT: Rather amusingly we see the >SUPERIORITY< of Rashi over
modern scholars. Modern scholars sometimes erroneously accuse
Rashi of being a two-letter radicalist(believing that roots have
2 letters). Modern scholars believe all roots have 3 letters.
However in this example it is Rashi who asserts that all roots
have 3 letters while Mendelkorn, a modern scholar, erroneously
believes in the 2 letter theory(he acknowledges only 1 3 letter
root whose forms he twists)
EXAMPLE
=======
{LIST}
(Rashi)There are >TWO< Hebrew roots meaning to circumcise.
- >Nun-Mem-Lamed<
- >Mem-Vuv-Lamed<
According to Rashi both these roots have the same
meaning. A list of similar pairs of roots with the
same meaning occurs in footnote 1.
By looking at >THE 3rd GRAMMAR TEMPLATE< (pg 1961) and the
6th GRAMMAR TEMPLATE (pg 1964) in the Hebrew IBN SHOSHAN
we easily see the justification for the following forms
===========================================================
VERSE TYPE OF CONJUGATION GRAMMATICAL FORM
======== ============================ ================
Gn17-11a PAST-MALE-PLURAL-ACTIVE is >NeMaLTeM<*2
Gn17-24a INFINITIVE-PASSIVE is >HiMooL<
Gn17-23b PAST-MALE-SINGULAR-ACTIVE is >VaYoMaL<*3
NOTES:
======
*1 We present here a table of pairs of Hebrew roots where
the first root begins with a NUN while the second
root has a second letter of VUV (NUN-X-Y vs X-Vuv-Y).
We show how these roots are related in meaning thus
giving credibility to Rashi
In this table the Nun-root and the Vuv-root mean the
same thing
============================================================
N-ROOT MEANING VUV-ROOT MEANING
====== ======= ======== ===================
N-A-R Curse N-V-R Curse
N-M-L Circumcise M-V-L Circumcise
N-S-Ch Fall back S-V-Ch Fall Back*a
N-Sh-L Falling off Sh-L-H Falling off
In this table the Nun-root and the Vuv-root mean almost
the same thing (The meanings are SIMILAR but not exactly
the same)
============================================================
N-ROOT MEANING VUV-ROOT MEANING
====== ======= ======== ===================
N-Z-D Cooked item Z-V-D To Boil
N-K-M Revenge K-V-M*b Stand up for oneself
N-Sh-F Soft winds S-V-F Glide
N-Sh-K Kiss Sh-K-K Passion
NOTES
=====
*a RDK points out that this is only one of the meanings
He also points out that there might be other interpretations
*b The root >K-V-M< can mean >STAND UP FOR ONSELF< and hence
>CORRESPONDS< but does not exactly mean the same thing
as Revenge. In a similar manner >Nun-Mem-Lamed< and
>Mem-Vuv-Lamed< may have similar but not exactly the same
meaning. Rashi however simply points out that they are related
*2 Rashi explains that this form looks like >MALTEM< without
the >NUN<. This would correspond to the grammatical form
on page 1964 for the root >Ayin-Vuv-Nun<. Thus Rashi
explicitly notes that the roots >Ayin-Vuv-Nun< and
>Nun-Mem-Lamed<.
*3 This form is NOT in the Ibn Shoshan dictionary. It can be
found in the book Sefer Amaylim Batorah (Author
ASilber@aol.com) in chart 4996#5. Al brings a list of 12
roots of which we present the first 5
=========================================================
VERSE ROOT FORM
===== ==== ====
Nu11-31 G-V-Z VaYoGoZ
Gn20-01 G-V-R VaYoGoR
Gn17-23 M-V-L VaYoMoL
Gn11-28 M-V-Th VaYoMoS
Isa6-06 Ayin-V-Ph VaYoOoF
Apparently this form only occurs with the prefix VUV that
reverses past and future(and hence is not in Ibn Shoshan)
COMMENT: Again reviewing Mendelkorn, Root, Mem-Vuv-Lamed we
see that Mendelkorn twists many root forms from their normal
usage. By contrast, Rashi simply acknowledges that there are
two roots.
RULE USED: GRAMMAR
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VERSE: Gn11-03b
RASHIS COVERED: Gn11-03b Ex01-10b Gn11-07a Gn30-01b Gn38-16b
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:
===============
To Chaiim Loike for a delightful conversation
a year ago during a Sheva Bracoth, during which we reviewed
several examples of HVH.
RULE
====
The Hebrew word (HVH) >Hay-Vuv-Hay< always means
-->prepare< or >prepare for acquisition<.
Extremely important is Ps51-23 whose translation is
>Throw on God YOUR PREPARATIONS & BARGAINING and God will
support you<
COMMENT
=======
Rashi notes that the aramaic translation gives 2 meanings to HVH
---to prepare
---to obtain/bring/get
But as we have just seen, and as shown in the list below the
fundamental meaning is >TO PREPARE TO OBTAIN<. The verses THAT
RASHI CITES clearly refer to PREPARATIONS without ACQUISITION
or else to ACQUISITION THRU PRIOR PREPARATION. In the comment
after the LIST I cite the actual Rashis.
{LIST}
Verses with the word >HVH<. In the first 2 verses it means
>PREPARE A JUDGEMENT< without any reference to acquisition.
In the last 2 verses it doesn't just mean >TO ACQUIRE< but
rather to >PREPARE TO ACQUIRE<. Thus the city didnt BUY the
tower but rather PLANNED TO BUILD IT. Similarly Judah did
not just ACQUIRE the prostitute but asked her to PREPARE
HERSELF for intimacy
===========================================================
VERSE WHO WANTS FROM WHOM WHAT IS REQUESTED
======== ========= ========= ========================
Ex01-10b Pharoh Egypt Prepare a judgement
Gn11-07a God Court Prepare a judgement
Gn30-01b Rachel Jacob*1 Prepare a judgement for child
Gn11-03b City people each other Prepare-build-acquire tower*2
Gn38-16b Judah Prostitute Prepare-give sex*3
NOTES
=====
*1 In other words Rachel asked Jacob to pray so that she
should be judged for a child. The word for pray in Hebrew
also means >TO JUDGE<. So in effect the prayers were
like legal arguments to advocate that Rachel should have
a child. (Note that in Ex01-10b and Gn11-07a the word
HVH refers to >PLAN A JUDGEMENT<---that is, it refers to
the deliberations in a court.)
*2 The city didnt want to just >ACQUIRE< the tower--they
rather had to >PREPARE TO BUILD AND ACQUIRE IT<
*3 Judah didn't just want to have sex--rather he asked her
to >PREPARE TO HAVE SEX<
COMMENT:
=======
Let us now review the actual Rashis.
On Gn38-16b Rashis notes the 2 aramaic translations. He also
explicitly says that even when HVH means >PREPARATION< it
refers to a >PREPARATION TO OBTAIN<. eg Gn11-03--the city
was not just >PREPARING< to make a tower but rather >PREPARING
to build a tower and ACQUIRE IT<. In other words the emphasis
is on PREPARING TO ACQUIRE.
On Gn11-03b Rashi mentions the possible meanings of >BUSINESS
MEETINGS< or >BUSINESS PLANS<---again the emphasis is on a
>PREPARATION FOR ACQUISITION<.
Finally we can examine some other verses which Rashi does
not comment on.
EXAMPLE 1
=========
In 1Sam1-14 they pray that God should >PREPARE BRING< truth
thru a lottery to find out who had violated the oath. Clearly
they did not eg want God simply telling them--rather they
wanted the lottery to fall out on someone after which there
would be a further investigation. So again we have the idea
of >PREPARE-BRING<
EXAMPLE 2
=========
In Gn29-21 Jacob did not just say >BRING< me my wife. He
obviously meant >PREPARE A WEDDING CEREMONY and BRING ME HER<
EXAMPLE 3
=========
In Gn47-16 the people did not just want Joseph to >GIVE< them
bread. But rather they >NEGOTIATED<, >PREPARED TO OBTAIN< the
bread thru selling their land or themselves (This bargaining
is clearly stated in the verses).
SUMMARY:
========
I think the LIST and these 3 examples should make it
clear that >HVH< means to >PREPARE< or to >PREPARE OBTAIN<
COMMENT
=======
Note how Rashi presents a UNIFIED approach to meaning while
the Aramaic translation unnecessarily separates the 2 parts
of the meaning
RULE USED: UNIFIED MEANINGS
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THE 2 DOZEN RASHI-IS-SIMPLE RASHI RULES
http://www.RashiYomi.Com/rules.htm
=======================================
http://www.RashiYomi.Com/rules9-6.htm
=======================================
I: RASHI gives MEANING
======================
A: NEW MEANINGS--(eg)"on the face of"=during the lifetime
Volume 2 Number 9, http://www.rashiyomi.Com/Nu04-04a.htm
B: SPECIAL WORDS--(eg)ACH=USUALLY;USUALLY observe shabbath!
Rashi Yomi Summaries,http://www.RashiYomi.Com/Ach-6.htm
C: SYNONYMS--(eg)AMR=to speak; DBR=to cite or to quote;
Volume 2 Number 1, http://www.RashiYomi.Com/Lv20-02a.htm
D: WORD MEANINGS-Thermos(TzNTzNTh)=doubly(TZN TZN) Cold(TZN)
Volume 1 Number 9,23,http://www.RashiYomi.Com/Ex31-15a.htm
E: UNIFIED MEANINGS-PAAM=Repeated action:To Ring,Hammer,Step
Volume 1 Number 3,http://www.RashiYomi.Com/Gn41-08a.htm
II: RASHI teaches GRAMMAR/STYLE
===============================
F: CLASSICAL GRAMMAR--(eg)QUESTION = HEY+CHATAF PATACH
Volume 3 Number 22,http://www.RashiYomi.Com/Gn04-09z.htm
G: USAGE(NEW GRAMMAR)--(eg)INFINITIVE="be involved in";
Volume 5 Number 24,http://www.RashiYomi.Com/Ex13-03a.htm
H: ROOT+PREPOSITION--(eg)ChZK B="to hold";ChZK M="overpower"
Volume 1 Number 7,http://www.RashiYomi.Com/Ex04-04a.htm
I: THE SENTENCE--2 verses can make 1 sentence-eg Dt02-16:17
Volume 3 Number 7,http://www.RashiYomi.Com/Dt19-06a.htm
J: STYLE--REPETITION denotes Endearment;eg 'Jacob Jacob'
Volume 1 Number 12,http://www.RashiYomi.Com/Gn46-02a.htm
K: DOUBLE NOUNS--(eg)"GIVE GIVE";if not CHARITY then LOAN
Double Noun page, http://www.RashiYomi.Com/DN.htm
L: PRONOUNS-(eg)IMCHAH=with you; ITCHAH=Accompanying you;
Volume 3 Number 13,http://www.RashiYomi.Com/Ex22-24c.htm
III: OVERALL TEXTUAL STRUCTURE
==============================
M: OTHER VERSES--Aaron SAW(Ex32-05)...the brawl(Ex32-18)
OTHER VERSE page, http://www.RashiYomi.Com/ov.htm
N: EXTRA SENTENCES-eg[GIVE HIM][WHAT HE NEEDS](Not if rich)
Volume 2 Number 20,http://www.RashiYomi.Com/Dt15-08c.htm
O: DOUBLE PARSHAS-'he WILL pray'-'he WON'T pray';So Optional
Volume 3 Number 12,http://www.RashiYomi.Com/Dt24-14a.htm
P: CLIMAX-(eg Dt19-11)(a)Hate, (b)spy, (c)confront,(d)Murder
Climax Page, http://www.RashiYomi.Com/Climax.htm
Q: OVERALL STRUCTURE-growing nails=despisement(from context)
Volume 3 Number 8,http://www.RashiYomi.Com/Dt21-11a.htm
R: SPREADSHEETS-What is the marriage loophole in inheritance
Volume 2 Number 23,http://www.RashiYomi.Com/Nu36-03a.htm
IV: BEYOND THE TEXT
===================
S: MORAL LESSONS/REASONS-God explains BEFORE punishing;
Volume 2 Number 12,http://www.RashiYomi.Com/Nu12-09a.htm
T: RabbiIshmael-(eg)"When an OX gores";(Or ANY animal gores)
Volume 4 Number 21,http://www.RashiYomi.Com/Dt25-04a.htm
End of Rashi-Is-Simple Digest
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