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Written by Dr Russell Jay Hendel
Volume 8 Number 18
Produced Dec 28, 2000
WARNING: USE FIX WIDTH FONTS (eg COURIER (NEW) 10)
Verses/Topics Discussed in This Issue with quicky explanations
READER COMMENTS
===============
Gn41-34a Ruth Shain and Harry Rashbaum from my Shomrey
Emunah class bring an ingenious resolution to two
Rashis that seem to contradict each other.
WEEKLY PARSHAH
--------------
Gn45-23b (Next weeks Parshah) Bible describes the
4 stages of a meal
Gn41-56c The fundamental meaning of >Shin-Beth-Resh< is
>TO BREAK< or a >SUDDEN CHANGE IN STATUS< Hence
we get WaveBREAKERS, BREAKTHRUS in interpretation
a BREAK in Bargaining
Gn43-24a Rashi does not make derivations from >counting<
repetitions but rather from total overall structure
Rashis covered in this issue
----------------------------
VERSE RULE BRIEF DESCRIPTION
======== ============== ================================
Gn45-23b EXAMPLE9 Bible describes 4 stages of a meal
Gn45-23c EXAMPLE9 Bible describes 4 stages of a meal
Gn45-23d EXAMPLE9 Bible describes 4 stages of a meal
Gn43-24a OVERALL STRUCTR Derivation made from whole paragraph
Gn41-56c UNIFIED MEANING >Shin-Beth-Resh< means to >BREAK<
Gn42-19c UNIFIED MEANING >Shin-Beth-Resh< means to >BREAK<
Gn47-14a UNIFIED MEANING >Shin-Beth-Resh< means to >BREAK<
Gn41-34a OTHER VERSE Controversy of CONTEXT vs DICTIONARY
Ex13-18c OTHER VERSE Controversy of CONTEXT vs DICTIONARY
-----------------------------------------------------------------
#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*# (C) Dr Hendel, 2000 *#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#
RASHI IS SIMPLE
GOALS: To grammatically defend all 8000 Rashis on Chumash.
METHOD:Rashis are defended with LISTS of comparable cases
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JOURNAL REFERENCE: Pshat & Drash,TRADITION, Win 1980,R Hendel
NOTATION: eg Gn01-02a refers to Rashi "a" on Genesis 1:2
SPECIALS:...on Parshah,Rambam,Ramban,Pedagogy,Symbolism
RASHI-IS-SIMPLE RULES Complete set of rules on bottom
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VERSE: Gn41-34a
RASHIS COVERED: Gn41-34a Ex13-18c
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:
===============
To Ruth Shain and Harry Rashbaum and anonymous
members of my Shomrey Emunah Rashi class for some very insightful
comments on a difficult Rashi contradiction
RULE
====
The Hebrew root >Chet-Mem-Shin< has a fundamental meaning of
>FIVE<.
{LIST}
The 5 meanings of >Chet-Mem-Shin< (Courtesy of Radack)
======================================================
MEANING VERSE TEXT OF VERSE
======== ======== ===========================================
Five Gn46-02 He took >FIVE< of his brothers
Fifty 2Kn01-09 A General of >50< people
Fifth Lv05-16 He shall return the theft & a >FIFTH<(fine)
Fifth Rib 2Sam2-23 Avner hit him on the >FIFTH< rib
Armed*1*2 Jos01-14 And you will go armed before your brothers
NOTES
=====
*1 The semantic relation between >FIVE< and >FIFTY<,>FIFTH<
and >FIFTH RIB< are all clear. Less clear is the relation
between >FIVE< and >ARMED<.
The most cogent suggestion is that >ARMED PEOPLE< wear their
gun-belt around their >FIFTH RIB< (The way McGarrett used to
do it on Hawaii-5-O). Other suggestions are that the standard
weapon gear had 5 weapons (like a Swiss army knife).
*2 The word >CHAMUSHIM< occurs in only 4 verses:
Jos1-14 Jos4-12, Jud7-11, Ex13-18
Note how in the first 3 cases it clearly means >ARMED<
{END OF LIST}
SIMPLE INTERPRETATION OF VERSES
===============================
* Gn41-34a would be translated
>Joseph taxed Egyptians 20% to prepare for the 7years of famine<
*Cf a similar 20% tax in Gn47-24
*A 20% bracket is a reasonable bracket for a starving nation
Ex13-18 would be translated >And the Jews left Egypt armed<
THE OTHER VERSE
===============
Rashi however interprets Ex13-18 as >Only a FIFTH of the Jews
left Egypt< since 80% of the Jews died in Egypt. Such massive
deaths at a time of redemption can be normal. For example
{LIST}
Punishments of the Jews frequently resulted in losses over 50%
==============================================================
VERSES SITUATION OF PUNISHMENT PERCENT DYING
========= ======================= ========================
Zach13-07 In the PreMessianic Era 67% of the Jews will die
Isa06-13 In the first exile 90% of the Jews will die
Ex13-18 In the Egyptian Exile 80% of the Jews died
Nu14 Wilderness rebellions 50% of Jews died(all men)
{END OF LIST}
Rashi deviated from the meaning that >CHAMUSHIM< has in
all other verses without exception(See the list above). True,
his suggested interpretation is consistent with the >ROOT<
of the word which means >FIVE<. But this translation
nevertheless differs from the translation of EVERY other
occurence of the word CHAMUSHIM.
The reason Rashi made such a startling deviation is because
of the explicit statement in the previous verse Ex13-17
>And when God took the Jews out of Egypt He avoided Philistine
land since the Jews might regret the redemption if they saw war<
Hence, argues Rashi, if the Jews, a slave people, were so weak
that seeing war would make them regret the redemption then
it certainly would be inconsistent to give them arms!
This is the essence of Rashis argument. And because of it he
interprets Ex13-17 as meaning >That a FIFTH of the Jews left
Egypt<
Here is an analogy that I gave my Shomrey Emunah class:
The statement >Arafat is a MODERATE< would
normally mean that he is a reasonable person. This is the
usual meaning of >MODERATE<. However >IN CONTEXT< the sentence
has a different meaning: It means >Arafat is not as extreme
as Chamas<. Thus this simple example shows us that >CONTEXT<
can override >TYPICAL GRAMMATICAL MEANING<. In a similar manner
although >CHAMUSHIM< means >ARMED< nevertheless in the context
of speaking about a slave people who were afraid of war it
must mean >20%---one fifth<.
SUMMARY
=======
* Gn41-34a is translated >Joseph taxed the Egyptian 20%<
* Ex13-18 is translated >20% of the Jews left Egypt<
*Rashi translates Ex13-18 in this manner because of the >CONTEXT<
which is talking about a slave people.
COMMENTS
========
COMMENT-1
---------
Harry Rashbaum pointed out that there are levels of fear
where you are afraid of other people but you are not afraid
to bear arms. Hence both interpretations of Ex13-18 would
be admissable: >The Jews left Egypt armed< or >20% of the
Jews left Egypt<. This is consistent with Rashi presenting
both interpretations. (My traditional approach is to
emphasize only Rashis second interpretation).
COMMENT-2
---------
As I already indicated my students found the idea that >CONTEXT<
could override >UNIVERSAL MEANING< strange. For that reason
I came up with the analogy of >Arafat is a Moderate<. The word
>MODERATE< always means reasonable; but in this sentence
>CONTEXT< demands a different interpretation.
COMMENT-3
---------
Ruth Shain of my Shomrey Emunah class suggested the following
ingenious translation to the Rashi on Gn41-34
----------------------------------------------------------------
The aramaic translation translates >CHMSH< as >PREPARE<;
this is similar to the [suggested Aramaic] translation of Ex13-18
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Ruths contribution was to add the bracketed words:
[Suggested Aramaic] by which she suggests that Rashis suggests
that although the Aramaic translation on both these verses
is >PREPARE< nevertheless >Just as I (Rashi) Disagreed with
the Aramaic translation on Ex13-18 and translated it is as 20%
so too do I disagree with the Aramaic translation on this verse
and translate it as 20%<
COMMENT-4(Summary)
---------
Using the above idea of Ruth we have 3 approaches to these two
verses
3 APPROACHES Ex13-18 Gn41-34
========================== ================== ===================
SIMPLE DICTIONARY APPROACH Jews left ARMED Joe taxed Egypt 20%
ARAMAIC APPROACH Jews left PREPARED Joe PREPARED Egypt
Rashis final decision 20% of Jews left Joe taxed Egypt 20%
This idea of Ruth to view Rashi on Ex13-18 as presenting 3
translations and Rashi on Gn41-34 as presenting 2 translations
makes Rashi consistent.
COMMENT-5 (Simple Meaning vs Midrashic Meaning)
---------
Harry Rashbaum and I have had an ongoing (and lively) discussion
on the difference between the >SIMPLE< meaning and >MIDRASHIC<
meaning in my Shomrey Emunah Rashi class
This posting enables us to discuss the difference.
The >SIMPLE< meaning refers to a meaning of the verse >BY ITSELF<
If I just used the dictionary I would interpret >CHAMUSHIM< as
>ARMED<.
The >MIDRASHIC< meaning is incorrectly translated as >HOMILETIC<
The proper translation of >MIDRASHIC< is >IN CONTEXT<
Let us go back to our analogy of >Arafat is a moderate<. The
simple meaning of the sentence is that Arafat is reasonable.
But that is rediculous. As I once told Ruth Shain only
Schizophrenics interpret sentences >BY THEMSELVES<. The proper
method of interpretation is >IN CONTEXT<. In Context Arafat
is simply less extreme than Chamas. This is both the
Midrashic and the true interpretation of this sentence.
COMMENT-6
---------
Finally one anonymous member of my Shomrey Emunah class brought
up the problem: how we regard each interpretation of Rashi. She
said she was taught that the first explanation of Rashi has
problems which is why Rashi brings a second explanation.
Everyone agrees with this. My approach is that the second
interpretation is final. However the approach of the Lubavitcher
Rebbe may he rest in peace is that there are problems with both
approaches which is why Rashi brings both (instead of just one)
Harry Rashbaum gave a defense of this approach to Rashi above
by noting that some people are afraid of war but not of weapons
Finally I have defended my approach that the second interpretation
is alway final by suggesting that Rashi was empathic with a
beginning student who only used the dictionary. Rashi also wanted
to present the real meaning which is why he gave the 2nd
interpretation
RASHI RULE USED: OTHER VERSES
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VERSE: Gn41-56c
RASHIS COVERED: Gn41-56c Gn42-19c Gn47-14a
{LIST}
SUMMARY OF RASHIS COVERED
=========================
VERSE TEXT OF VERSE (Translation of >ShVR< is CAPPED)
======== ======================================================
Gn41-56c Joseph >SOLD< to Egypt food
Gn42-19c Bring home >THE FOODS YOU BOUGHT<
Gn47-14a Joe acquired all money thru the GOODS that they BOUGHT
{END OF LIST}
RULE
====
The >UNIFYING MEANING< of the root >Shin-Beth-Resh< is to >BREAK<
>BREAKING< in turns is archetypical of >ANY SUDDEN CHANGE< and
>ANY SUDDEN CESSATION<.
APPLICATION
===========
As we shall see in the LIST below any bargaining situation which
finally terminates in a sale is called a >BREAKTHRU<. Hence the
>BUYER<, the >SELLER<, and >THE GOODS BOUGHT< are called >ShVR<.
{LIST}
Here is a LIST of meanings of >Shin-Beth-Resh< courtesy of Radack
=================================================================
MEANING VERSE REALTION OF MEANING TO >BREAK<
======= ======== ==============================
Break Isa14-05 Break
WaveBreakers Jon02-04 Sudden change in water height
Interpret dreams Jud7-15 Sudden shift in understanding of dream
Make a treaty Job38-10 Sudden shift in relations
Buy/sell/goods*1 Gn42-26 Suddent shift in ownership
Broken Spirit Isa65-14 Abrupt cessation of positive outlook
Childbirth Isa37-03 The child BREAKS THRU the womb*2
NOTES
=====
*1 Radack points out that the word can mean
--any buyable good (Gn42-26)
--the act of buying (Isa55-1)
--the act of selling (Gn41-56)
In other words all parties connected with the suddent shift
of ownership can be called >SHOVER<.
It appears that >SHOVER< refers to buying/selling in a
situation where there is alot of market bargaining--hence
the final sale is a >breakthrough<--a sudden shift from
bargaining to settlement.
Rashi like Radack points out that the word can mean
--Selling(Gn41-56--this verse is also brought by Radack)
--Buying (Gn43-02)
--Any type of food(Isa55-01) Radack also derives the meaning
>any type of food< from Isa55-01.
*2 Some scholars connect >CHILDBIRTH< with >BROKEN SPIRIT<
because of the pains of childbirth. But I think it more
consistent to interpret >Childbirth< as a >BREAKTHRU<
of the baby.
{END OF LIST}
RASHI RULE USED: UNIFIED MEANING
#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*# (C) Dr Hendel, 2000 *#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*
VERSE: Gn43-24a
RULE
====
Some Rashis focus on the >OVERALL STRUCTURE< of a paragraph
rather than on the meaning of 1 or 2 words or phrases
APPLICATION
===========
---------------------------------------------------------------
Gn43-17 ...& the person brought the brothers INTO THE HOUSE
Gn43-18 ...but they were afraid on why they were brought in
Gn43-19 ...so the brothers went to person by the DOOR
Gn43-23 ...& he said PEACE TO YOU..& he brought out Shimon
Gn43-24 ...& the person brought the brothers INTO THE HOUSE
Gn43-24 ...&he gave them water to bathe &fodder for the animals
----------------------------------------------------------------
RASHI
=====
Rashi is Simple.He simply makes a point on the overall structure
The verses clearly show that the brothers although they were
brought into the house did not remain there; rather they went
back to the doorman to assuage their fears; only when the doorman
reassured him did they (re)accept the invitation to come in.
Rashi says >There are two verses with GOING INTO THE HOUSE<
(Gn43-17 and Gn43-24). But Rashi is not being picky and
commenting on the TWONESS. Rather Rashi is commenting on
the OVERALL STRUCTURE of
--------------------------------------------------------------
--Coming into the house
--being afraid
--talking and being reassured
--coming in again and being given bathing & fodder facilities
---------------------------------------------------------------
Rashi mentioned most of these items (The TWO comings, the being
afraid etc).
But we must read the whole chapter to fully appreciate it(eg
Rashi did not point out how at the second coming they were
given bathing and fodder facilities).
RASHI RULE USED: OVERALL STRUCTURE
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VERSE: Gn45-23b
RASHIS COVERED: Gn45-23b Gn45-23c Gn45-23d
COMMENT:
=======
This is posting #5 in our series on the difference between Dr
Hendel and Dr Leibowitz.
RULE
====
We have explained at great length in our example series
that there are two types of Rashis
---Rashis based on Grammar, problems, or word meanings
---Rashis based on context and literary development
More specifically if the Bible repeats some theme 3 or
more times then the principle of CLIMAX demands that
these items be interpreted in a CLIMACTIC MANNER.
In other words it is wrong to derive what Rashi says
from special words, grammar or nuances; rather Rashi is
deriving meaning solely from the CLIMACTIC INTERPRETATION
in and of itself.
In our example series we have shown how this principle
is implied in the principles of Rabbi Ishmael. You can
find the example series at the following URLS
http://www.RashiYomi.Com/example9.htm (replace 9 by 1-9)
Let us see an example to clarify ths.
EXAMPLE
=======
Gn45-23 discusses how Joseph sent his father food.
The actual verse says that Joseph sent Jacob
--goodies
--grain
--bread
--cooked items
The principle of >CLIMAX< demands that these 4 items be
interpreted as a progression in courses at a meal.
The simplest such interpretation is the following
{LIST}
Perception of the 4 food items in Gn45-23 as 4 stages
in the development of a meal
=========================================================
ITEM PLACE IN MEAL EXAMPLES FROM THE MIDRASH
======= ================== =========================
Goodies Entree to a meal Wine, Beans, Dainties*1
Grain*2 Porridge/Soup
Bread*3 Mainstay of meal
Cooked items Side dishes Cooked fruit/vegatables*4
NOTES
=====
*1 In other words I am suggesting that the core idea is
that >GOODIES< refers to an >ENTREE<. Here are some
specific suggestions brought by Rashi & commentators
--Old wine (Rashi)
--Beans because they are rare (YFay Toar MidrashRabbah 94:2)
--Beans because they calm you (Matnoth Kehuna MRabbah 94:2)
--Beans because they are dainties(MHarzu MRabbah 94:2)
Each of the commentaries mentioned brings sources to
defend the stated properties of beans(dainties, calming,rare)
The important point is not to approach this using the idea
of controversy. Rather the important point is to approach
this using the idea of COMMONALITY--all 4 interpretations
have in common the idea of ENTREE. Indeed an ENTREE is
either
--wine
--something rare
--something yummy and good
--something calming
In terms of the difference in approach between Hendel and
Leibowitz you will note that the emphasis above is on one
correct interpretation--the entree. The Leibowitz approach
emphasizes more plurality of opinion and controversy. To
a certain extent these two approaches complement each other
but it is important to emphasize the common item to all
interpretations
*2 The Midrash brings the concept of Porridge---grain cooked
in water---in connection with the 4th item in the list of
foods sent by Joseph to Jacob
I contend that this is out of place and that Porridge
would go well with the second item in the above list of 4
since Porridge is made with grain, the second item on
the list.
I also note that the Mharzu, a commentator on the
Midrash Rabbah 94:2 points out that there is an
error in the text of the Midrash Rabbah since porridge
could not, as the Midrash states, be an example of
something that you dont say the blessing for MZONOTH
on, since everyone agrees that porridge has the same
status as cookies and cake.
Although MHarzu brings this error he does not suggest
a correction. I believe my suggested correction works
well.
In summary the second item on the list is >GRAIN< and
I am suggesting that this refers to >PORRIDGE<
*3 Normally the word >BREAD< can generically refer to any food,
not just to bread; However because of the principle
of >CLIMAX< we take the word >BREAD< in this verse to
refer >SPECIFICALLY< to >BREAD< (This point is explicitly
made by the YFay Toar on Midrash Rabbah 94:2)
For a list of Rashis that state that >BREAD< can refer
to >ANY GENERIC FOOD< see
http://www.RashiYomi.Com/lv21-18b.htm
*4 There are many controversies on this text.
I have already discussed the Porridge problem above
Here are some of the suggestions for the reference
of the 4th item on the list.
--The Aramaic translation suggests >ZVD< which means
>BOILED ITEMS<
--The MTNOTH KEHUNAH on Midrash Rabbah makes a suggestion
of fruit.
My own suggestion is that the Midrash is referring to
>COOKED FRUIT or COOKED VEGATABLES<. This translation
--would be consistent with the Aramaic
--would be consistent with the MTNOTH KEHUNA
--and would solve the porridge problem by amending the
description of porridge from >grain cooked in water<
to >fruit or vegetables cooked in water<
{END OF LIST}
SUPPORT FOR THE LIST FROM THE RAMBAM
====================================
Finally I can strengthen this interpretation of the list of
4 food items by comparing it with the list of foods that
a husband must supply his wife with. The Rambam in the laws
of marriage Chapter 12 Paragraph 10 lists the following foods
which a husband is obligated to provide his wife
---bread
---beans or vegetables
---wine, oil or fruit
Based on this Rambam we would extend the definition of >GOODIES<
mentioned in Gn45-23 to include not only wine but also eg
salads (oil,fruit and vegetables).
SUPPORT FOR THE LIST FROM SCIENCE
=================================
Finally I mention scientific support for our LIST. The most
advanced diet today is the DASH diet which consists of
bread, fruits and vegetables with occasional supplementation
by beans and nuts and milk products.
FINAL COMMENTS
==============
As we look over the list of words in Gn45-23
---goodies
---grain
---bread
---cooked items
we see that the method we used to interpret these items
had little to do with Hebrew or grammar. Rather we used our
knowledge of meals to correlate the stages of a meal with
the words in the LIST of the verse. This approach is the essence
of the method of CLIMAX. The method of CLIMAX is a CONTENT
oriented method not a grammatical method and hence it
differs from the classical approaches to Rashi
RASHI RULE USED: EXAMPLE9
#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*# (C) Dr Hendel, 2000 *#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*
THE 2 DOZEN RASHI-IS-SIMPLE RASHI RULES
=======================================
I: RASHI gives MEANING
======================
A: NEW MEANINGS--(eg)"on the face of"=during the lifetime
Volume 2 Number 9, http://www.rashiyomi.Com/Nu04-04a.htm
B: SPECIAL WORDS--(eg)ACH=USUALLY;USUALLY observe shabbath!
Rashi Yomi Summaries,http://www.RashiYomi.Com/Ach-6.htm
C: SYNONYMS--(eg)AMR=to speak; DBR=to cite or to quote;
Volume 2 Number 1, http://www.RashiYomi.Com/Lv20-02a.htm
D: WORD MEANINGS-Thermos(TzNTzNTh)=doubly(TZN TZN) Cold(TZN)
Volume 1 Number 9,23,http://www.RashiYomi.Com/Ex31-15a.htm
E: UNIFIED MEANINGS-PAAM=Repeated action:To Ring,Hammer,Step
Volume 1 Number 3,http://www.RashiYomi.Com/Gn41-08a.htm
II: RASHI teaches GRAMMAR/STYLE
===============================
F: CLASSICAL GRAMMAR--(eg)QUESTION = HEY+CHATAF PATACH
Volume 3 Number 22,http://www.RashiYomi.Com/Gn04-09z.htm
G: USAGE(NEW GRAMMAR)--(eg)INFINITIVE="be involved in";
Volume 5 Number 24,http://www.RashiYomi.Com/Ex13-03a.htm
H: ROOT+PREPOSITION--(eg)ChZK B="to hold";ChZK M="overpower"
Volume 1 Number 7,http://www.RashiYomi.Com/Ex04-04a.htm
I: THE SENTENCE--2 verses can make 1 sentence-eg Dt02-16:17
Volume 3 Number 7,http://www.RashiYomi.Com/Dt19-06a.htm
J: STYLE--REPETITION denotes Endearment;eg 'Jacob Jacob'
Volume 1 Number 12,http://www.RashiYomi.Com/Gn46-02a.htm
K: DOUBLE NOUNS--(eg)"GIVE GIVE";if not CHARITY then LOAN
Double Noun page, http://www.RashiYomi.Com/DN.htm
L: PRONOUNS-(eg)IMCHAH=with you; ITCHAH=Accompanying you;
Volume 3 Number 13,http://www.RashiYomi.Com/Ex22-24c.htm
III: OVERALL TEXTUAL STRUCTURE
==============================
M: OTHER VERSES--Aaron SAW(Ex32-05)...the brawl(Ex32-18)
OTHER VERSE page, http://www.RashiYomi.Com/ov.htm
N: EXTRA SENTENCES-eg[GIVE HIM][WHAT HE NEEDS](Not if rich)
Volume 2 Number 20,http://www.RashiYomi.Com/Dt15-08c.htm
O: DOUBLE PARSHAS-'he WILL pray'-'he WON'T pray';So Optional
Volume 3 Number 12,http://www.RashiYomi.Com/Dt24-14a.htm
P: CLIMAX-(eg Dt19-11)(a)Hate, (b)spy, (c)confront,(d)Murder
Climax Page, http://www.RashiYomi.Com/Climax.htm
Q: OVERALL STRUCTURE-growing nails=despisement(from context)
Volume 3 Number 8,http://www.RashiYomi.Com/Dt21-11a.htm
R: SPREADSHEETS-What is the marriage loophole in inheritance
Volume 2 Number 23,http://www.RashiYomi.Com/Nu36-03a.htm
IV: BEYOND THE TEXT
===================
S: MORAL LESSONS/REASONS-God explains BEFORE punishing;
Volume 2 Number 12,http://www.RashiYomi.Com/Nu12-09a.htm
T: RabbiIshmael-(eg)"When an OX gores";(Or ANY animal gores)
Volume 4 Number 21,http://www.RashiYomi.Com/Dt25-04a.htm
End of Rashi-Is-Simple Digest
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