Rashi-Is-Simple Mailing List
(C) Dr Russell Jay Hendel, 1999
Http://www.Shamash.Org/Rashi/Index.Htm
Volume 1 Number 19
Prodcued Mar, 19 1999
Topics Discussed in This Issue
------------------------------
v0318--Administrivia
v2-25-35 Biblical Paragraph describing construction of the Candellabrah
#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*# (C) Dr Hendel, 1999 *#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*
v0318 Administrivia
Before leaving Exodus I wanted to present the description of the
Menorah.
We deviate from the usual form here...we explain many Rashis
together. This is because the whole paragraph must be studied
as a whole...you really can't understand the individual rashis
without reading the whole paragraph.
I have also included a simple diagram of the whole menorah as well
as indicating which verses indicate which items
Finally I have included as a side benefit a column indicating Rav
HIrsch's beautiful educational symbolism of the menorah (The 18
Handbreadths of the Menorah correspond to the 18 years of life
and describe educational progress....a total schooling system
is described)
Although readers are free to ignore this (the list is really
concerned with Pshat) I included this to show how to properly
translate the "cups, knobs and flowers" which Rav Hirsch
translates as "buds, fruits and flowers"
#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*# (C) Dr Hendel, 1999 *#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*
VERSE: v2a25-31 And you should make a menorah of pure gold..
------ v2b25-31 Candellabrah parts
v2c25-31 will it be made
v2d25-31 Candellabrah parts
v2e25-31 Candellabrah parts
v2f25-31 Candellabrah parts
v2g25-31 Candellabrah parts
v2h25-31 Candellabrah parts
v2i25-31 ...shall come from it
v2-25-32 ...6 shafts ..from its sides
v2a25-33 Candellabrah parts
v2a25-34 and IN the Menorah..
v2-25-35 Overall Structure of menorah
v2a25-37 Candellabrah parts
v2b25-37 and raise its seven ...
v2a25-38 Candellabrah parts
v2b25-38 Candellabrah parts
v2a25-39 one talent of gold..
RASHI TEXT:
----------
*
{LIST10} {POSITIONS of Objects in the Menorah with interpretation}
IN Rav
THIS BIBLICAL Hrsch
TFCH THERE WAS THE STATEMENT VERSE FOOTNOTE GRADE
---- -------------- --------- ----- -------- -----
0-1 Candellabrah legs ..its leg 4-8-4
1-2 Candellabrah legs
2-3 The Menorah flower ..its flower 4-8-4 Footnote1 PreK
3-4
4-5
5-6 BUD--FRUIT--FLOWER Bud/Fruit/Flower 2-25-34 Footnote2 K-2
6-7
7-8
8-9 FRUIT And a Fruit 2-25-35 Footnote2 3-4
9-10
10-11 FRUIT And a Fruit 2-25-35 Footnote2 5-6
11-12
12-13 FRUIT And a Fruit 2-25-35 Footnote2 7-8
13-14
14-15
15-16 3Buds 3 Buds 2-25-33 Footnote3 High
2-25-34
16-17 FRUIT Fruit & Flower 2-25-33 Scool
2-25-34
17-18 FLOWER Fruit & Flower 2-25-33
2-25-34
To understand this list we present the following overview.
OVERALL DESCRIPTION
===================
Recall that the TFCh is a unit of measurement (about 3-4").
The chapter beginning with Verse 31 describes the Menorah as an
18 TFCh Candellabrah described in the Table above:{LIST10}
DESCRIPTION TABLE ILLUSTRATED
=============================
For example according to 4-8-4, the Menorah was "one solid unit even
to "its legs and its flower". Thus we learn that the first 2 tfchs
had the legs on which the candellabrah stood and the 3rd tefach had
the "candellabrah flower".If you look at the first 3 rows of the
table you will see that it mentions the first 3 tefachim had LEGS
and a FLOWER and it mentions the Biblical statement from which this
is derived as well as the Biblical verse. The Footnotes clarify
this further.(Note that the POSITION of the objects is not
mentioned in the verses..only their EXISTENCE and QUANTITY)
SYMBOLISM
=========
Finally (just as an aid in understanding) I have appended one
column which contains Rav Hirsch's symbolism of the Menorah.
The Menorah symbolized the educational system of the young.
Recall that
Light = Knowledge
Rav Hirsch adds that
TFchs of the Menorah = Years of a persons life
3 parts of plants = 3 parts of learning
Thus Rav Hirsch interprets that
A flower at Tfch 3 = Pre Kindergarten at age 3
3 buds,fruit,flower
at tfchs 15-18 = Intensive learning in
High School years
Rav Hirsch further shows the one to one correspondence between
plant and thinking functions
In Plant Function In Thinking
-------- -------- -----------
The Bud Gathers food Learning phase
intensively Gathering knowledge
Fruit Application of Application phase
food in bud to --taking of knowledge
create a new and production of a
entity new entity--an applicatn
of the knowledge
Flower Beauty and Skill competency--
adornment something to admire
Something to
admire
The reader is free to ignore this since the goal of this list
is to give Pshat. Nevertheless I brought it because it sheds
light on the proper translation of BUD,FRUIT,FLOWER.
MENORAH DIAGRAM SHOWN
=====================
Moses was shown a diagram of the menorah (2-25-40). Hence the
written record is suppose to be a description of this diagram
which was seen.
In other words the real description of the menorah was thru
the diagram that Moses saw---the written record is just
notes to remind Moses of the various attributes.
NEW MEANINGS
============
I will now explain a very deep principle of language. Language
is not FIXED and ALREADY EXISTING but rather GROWING AND COMING
INTO BEING.
Hence when describing a new situation we very
often invest NEW MEANINGS to words. As long as prior diagrams
have been seen or as long as only a finite number of
possibilities exist there is no ambiguity in these new meanings.
For example, if I am describing a phone number WA-1-2345 I might
say Watermelon Apple 1 2345 and the listener would immediately
understand that I am investing new meanings to these words...
namely they now stand for their first letter...so that Apple
stands for "A" and watermelon stands for "w".
EXAMPLE OF NEW MEANING
======================
Similarly if I speak about the LEG of the Menorah
I am investing new meaning to LEG...namely that part
of an object that is at its bottom and split
into several parts to preserve balance
(And this is a new meaning since the function of the LEGS
is not only balance but also MOVEMENT) (Actually the Bible
uses the word THIGH)
NO NEED TO EXPLAIN
==================
Furthermore these new meanings do not have to be explicitly
explained by somebody. Indeed 50% of what we know in meaning
comes from inference in context and not from meaning.
CRITERIA FOR NON AMBIGUITY
==========================
The new meanings cannot be arbitrarily made but can only be
made if
a) you are dealing with a new situation so that we
don't already have words for it
b) you are refering to one of only several possibilities
(For example Apple and Watermelon refer to the 26
letters of the alphabet and it is known that phone
numbers have 2 letters and 5 numbers...similarly we
might be referring to POSITIONS on the menorah and
we borrow organs (leg, hands, head) that correspond
to their respective positions.
Criteria b) is sometimes met by
-showing a diagram or
-by e.g listing all letters of the alphabet or
-by some indication of the finite number of possibilities
RASHIS JOB ON MEANING
=====================
So Rashi's job here is to give an OVERALL VIEW of the menorah
and then explain the NEW MEANINGS of each of the words so
that that OVERALL VIEW can be understood.
COMMON ERROR
============
A common error is to object to new meaning--for example one can say
No no...it is an established meaning that LEG can refer to a
part of an object at its bottom"
Do not let such a thought enter your mind. Because AT THE TIME
THIS WAS WRITTEN leg meant a leg, and hard meant hard etc. This
MNRH description INVESTED LEG and HARD with new meanings...some
of the new meanings became accepted (like LEG for BOTTOM POSITION)
and some did not get accepted. Therefore to fully understand the
chapter we must use the principle of NEW MEANING
DOUBLE MEANING
==============
Finally along with NEW MEANINGS we have double meanings {LIST1}.
For example THE CANDELLABRAH can refer to the whole candellabrah
or to the main shaft. The SHAFTS of the menorah can refer to
ANY of the shafts or to the main one by itself. The FLOWER
of the MENORAH can refer to a main flower or to all its flowers.
CONTEXT
=======
Finally never forget the important principle that meaning can be
inferred from context. Very often one sentence will supply such
a new meaning...such lists are really MINI LISTS since they will
only contain 1-2 verses.
With the above in mind let us go on to explain the 2 dozen rashis
on this chapter which have as their SOLE GOAL to explain the
diagram or table listed below.
FOOTNOTES:
---------
FOOTNOTE 1: The MENORAH FLOWER can refer to a special flower or to
general flowers (See {LIST1}--this will be explained in
detail below)
FOOTNOTE 2:
We explain below the association of the verses with
the various parts.
The word MENORAH in 2-25-34 refers to the MAIN
SHAFT not to the whole menorah (LIST1)
In terms of our translation (BUD, FRUIT, FLOWER) this
follows Rav Hirsch--just as FLOWER is a botanical part
and is translated literally, so too the other 2 ornaments
are botanical parts and translated literally (for example
BUDS look like oblong cups and FRUITS look like flattened
spheres). (THe usual translations are CUPS and KNOBS)
Rav Hirsch notes the obvious fact that the whole menorah
looks like a blossoming tree and this justifies use of
botanical terms
As noted, the EXISTENCE
and QUANTITY of ornaments is mentioned in the Torah
but not their POSITIONS
FOOTNOTE 3: It will be shown below that the verse says
3 buds IN the Menorah (vs 3 buds ON the menorah).
So the actual appearance was like that of a blossoming
tree---buds followed by the fruit followed by the flower.
The buds were ACTUALLY IN the menorah (vs being ornaments
around it)
BRIEF BUT COMPLETE NARRATIVE EXPLANATION:
----------------------------------------
*
TEXT RASHI
---- -----
HARD: "HARD" (2-25-31)--The Menorah should not be made by
SOLDERING several components together but rather should
be SCULPTORED from one piece of Gold (Rashi)
The proof that HARD means SCULPTORED vs SOLDERED comes
from examination of context. We have as follows
{LIST2} {Context meaning of Hard}
VERSE STATEMENT ON HOW MENORAH IS MADE
----- --------------------------------
2-25-31 Hard
2-25-31 all its parts come from it
2-25-37 all its parts come from it, it is all hard
This proves that HARD = SCULPTORED from one piece
HARD
There is no word in Hebrew for "SCULPTORING" a menorah.
To distinguish it from SOLDERING a menorah a NEW MEANING
must be made up.
The Chumash chose "HARD" to distinguish between SCULPTORED
and SOLDERED.
The Chumash uses the word "HARD"
to distinguish between a SCULPTORED and SOLDERED menorah
because a SOLDERED MENORAH is weak at its solderings
while a SCULPTORED MENORAH is HARDER there.
{NOTE: The first Rashi explains how we knew WHAT the
meaning of HARD is while the second Rashi explains
WHY this word, HARD, was chosen to convey this meaning}
IT WILL BE MADE
{LIST3} {OF VERBS DESCRIBING MAKING THE MENORAH}
VERSE VERB MODE HEBREW
----- ---- ---- ------
2-25-31 Make Active VeASiSah
2-25-31 Make Passive TeyAseh
2-25-39 Make Active YaASeH
Again we have created a new meaning here.
We just established that the Menorah should be SCULPTORED
from one piece vs SOLDERED.
A SOLDERED Menorah is totally MADE in an ACTIVE manner.
The artisan does all the making. A SCULPTORED menorah
has an element of passivity since the parts must "come"
from the main element without being glued on.
As {LIST4} shows Hebrew will sometimes take the basic
Verb modes (Active, Passive, Causative} and combine
them into hybrid tenses to convey a NEW MEANING of
activity. Thus the skillful use of ACTIVE PASSIVE here
conveys a process of activity that has a touch of
passivity to it.
In summary the active-passive use of the verb is to
connote SCUPTORING vs SOULDERING and supports other
such connotations.
(NOTE: It is not necessary to interpret the Rashis
miraculously ..that "the gold was thrown into the
fire and the menorah came out"....rather the meaning
is that you SOFTEN the Gold by heating it which
allows SCULPTORING so that the parts appear to
COME from the main part)
Also note that the comment "Moses had difficulty
understanding this" does not mean anything esoteric.
Rather, just as most layman understand the art
of soldering parts but wouldn't know how to sculptor
so too Moses knew nothing about SCULPTORING and therefore
had to be shown what would happen and what it would look
like)
TEXT RASHI
---- -----
Thigh = Bottom part of the Menorah
{LIST5} Supports the idea that BODY parts can connote
POSITIONS of components of objects
SHAFT This is one of the 3 words that has a DOUBLE MEANING.
As {LIST1} shows SHAFT can connote
-the main shaft of the menorah
-any of the shafts branching from the menorah
TEXT RASHI {These 3 rashis explain the Biblical terms
---- ----- describing the Menorah ornaments...we have followd
Rav Hirsh's translation in clarifying Rashi)
BUDS A NEW MEANING. Buds look like OBLONG CUPS
FRUIT Usually translated as knobs. We follow Rav Hirsch's
excellent translation that the 3 parts here correspond
to the 3 parts of a plant (since the whole menorah looks
like a branched tree with buds, fruits and flowers).
The standard fruit looks like a flattened sphere which
is the way Rashi describes this.
A standard principle of language is to let a word
have a new meaning denoting the SHAPE of the object
{LIST6}
FLOWERS Unlike BUDS and FRUIT which are sometimes translated
as CUPS and KNOBS everyone translates FLOWERS as FLOWERS
(The NEW MEANING of FLOWER here is that it refers to the
FORM of a flower (even though it doesn't have the flowers
function--see {LIST6}))
FROM IT See the Rashi on "HARD"---the verse is trying to
distinguish between SCULPTORED vs SOLDERED
COME FROM ITS SIDES
{LIST8} {Description of position of branches:Hor vs Diagonal
VERSE DESCRIPTION COULD BE OR
----- ----------- -------- --
2-25-32 shafts from side (Like a "T") Like a Y. The
be horizontal shafts branch
up diagonally
2-25-37 And raise its Like a Y. The
wicks until level shafts branch
with the central up diagonally
wick
The Torah describes the branches going up diagonally
by using two verses.
(NOTE: Rashi does not really take sides whether the
Menorah branches were diagonally upwards in a line or
curved. Rashi's main point is that they are not
horizontal.)
TEXT RASHI
---- -----
3 BUDS 2-25-33. There are two possibilities:
The BUDS (ie elongated cups) could be ornaments around the
shaft or the BUD could simply be an enlargement of the
shaft (To make it look like an actual BUD)
Since the verse says "3 buds IN the shaft" rather than
"3 buds ON the shaft" we infer that the shaft was
enlarged to look like a bud (same as a plant..this is
why we brought Rav Hirsch's symbolism in...it helps
to understand the translations to the 3 mnorah ornaments)
FRUIT.. The verse should be interpreted using the principle
of opposition with an elliptical WITH.
"3 buds IN the central shaft (ALONG WITH) its buds & flowers
See {LIST9} for comparable uses of opposition.
TEXT RASHI
---- -----
BUDS We have 2 verses here. 2-25-34 refers to 4 buds, 2 flowers
and 2 fruits. While 2-25-35 refers to 3 fruits.The 2 verses
are joined by an "AND" so we would translate as follows
"On the main staff of the menorah there were 4 buds, 2
flowers and 2 fruits BESIDE the fruit, the fruit...the
fruit in the center staff"
The 4 Buds refer to those in positions 5-6 and 15-16
on the main shaft.
The (2) flowers refer to those at positions 5-6 and 17-18
The (2) Fruit refer to those at positions 5-6 and 16-17
This is all shown above in {LIST10}
(Note that menorah in verse 34 means "main part of menorah"
MENORAH is one of the 3 words in the chapter which has
a double meaning. As {LIST1} shows the MENORAH can refer
to the WHOLE MENORAH or to the MAIN SHAFT.)
AND a fruit 2-25-35
The fruit mentioned in were at positions
---------------------- -----------------
2-25-34 5-6
16-17
2-25-35 9-10
11-12
14-15
As just explained Rashi learns this from the AND which
joins the two verses 2-25-34 and 2-25-35.
"In the main part of the menorah were 4 buds 2 fruits...
besides the 3 fruits that were elsewhere in the menorah"
TEXT RASHI {These Rashis simply explain MEANINGS OF WORDS}
---- ------
FLAMES New meaning...it refers to WICKS whose function is
to create FLAMES
ADJUSTORS New meaning...it refers to the prongs (from the root
LKCH meaning PRONGS for a bonfire) by which you
adjust wicks
CLEANERS New meaning. Utensils for cleaning up old wicks
Comes from the verb ChTH--which refers to raking a fire
ONE TALENT OF GOLD
The structure of the Menorah paragraph is as follows:
* Make the menorah
* It will have these parts
* It will have these utensils
* Make it from one talent of Gold
Thus we conclude that BOTH the menorah (which is one
connected unit) and the utensils (which are separate
units) all come from one talent of Gold
(If it had reversed the order as follows
* Make the menorah
* It will have these parts
* Make it from one talent of Gold
* It will have these utensils
then I would think that the Menorah comes from one
piece but not the utensils)
Thus this Rashi comes from the priniple of PARAGRAPH
STRUCTURE.
AND SEE As {LIST12}shows the Mnorah & Altar are the only utensils
that Moses was SHOWN a diagram (of fire, in a prophetic
vision). (Such a verse is absent at the table, cruvim..)
We have already explained above at length that the
construction of the menorah (by sculptoring vs soldering)
involved new concepts which Moses had never seen. Hence
he had to see a diagram.
COMMENTS ON RASHI'S FORM:
------------------------
* As already noted, Rashi, contrary to his usual terse style
describes the whole menorah in 2-25-35. He did this because
God showed Moses a Diagram of the Menorah.
Then in the remaining verses he describes the particular details.
Very often these involve new meanings. Rashi will support these
new meanings with
-current meanings or
-current usages of making candellabrahs or
-he will cite a list of Posookim to confirm his suggestion,
LISTS {For ADVANCED students and for those with more time}:
----------------------------------------------------------
* {LIST1} {The 3 words with Double meanings in this chapter;
They can refer to their ordinary meaning or to a
MORE SPECIFIC or GENERAL meaning}
WORD VERSE-1 MEANING-1 VERSE-2 MEANING-2
---- ------- --------- ------- ---------
Candellabrah 2-25-31 Candellabrah 2-25-34 Main Shaft
Shaft 2-25-31 MAIN Shaft 2-25-32 ANY Shaft
Flower 4-8-4 MAIN flower 2-25-34 ANY Flower
{LISTS 2,3 may be found above...they are mini lists}
{LIST4} {Deliberate HYRIDAZATIONS of verb Forms and endings
to create new meanings and nuances--note this list
requires a lot more clarification..I just brought it
here in terse form to show the phenomena though rare
does happen}
ROOT/
VERSE FORM COULD BE OR COULD BE TOGETHER MEANS
----- ---- -------- ----------- --------------
2-18-26 YShPooToo Active tense Juducial
Will Judge process has
TShPeToo active &
passive parts
Participle form Judge creates
Cause JUDGMENTS judgement but
Shfootay also just
lets it
happen (
following
what is right
HODAH EL Reflexive To be eligibl
He remembered for bringing
(Reflexive YDA a sin offerin
always uses EL there are
several ways
to find out
Causative about the
Someone told him (e.g. relative accidental
HODIAH sin. Not if
outsiders
told you..but
you do bring
it if you
remembered
yourself
(reflexive)
or non
outsiders
told you
(Causative)
(like
servants,
relatives)
Passive
He found out from eg a maid servant
(See Malbim footnote 263 Lev 4
for a full explanation)
Ruth2-8 ThaVoori Active tense Stay here
Don't go away no matter
what. I have
Participle form given orders
Don't let other that you
people drive shouldn't be
you away bothered(2-9)
{LIST5} {Body parts can have new meaning--and refer to
position of an object}
BODY PART NEW MEANING VERSE
--------- ----------- -----
Head Top of e.g. mountain 4-23-9
Belly Center Ez-38-12
Thigh Bottom 3-1-11
{LIST6} {Words can take on new meaning--a word can refer to
anything with the same shape or a word denoting
shape can refer to a specific object with specific
functions with that shape}
WORD NEW MEANING VERSE
---- ----------- -----
Flower Flower shaped 2-25-31
Cup Cup shaped (Bud?) 2-25-33
Pentagon Pentagon shaped
building that houses
US Military
Circle Trinkets that are
circular 4-31-3
{LIST 7 does not exist}
{LISTS 8 can be found above--they are mini lists}
{LIST9} {Verses using the opposition style}
VERSE READS NON OPPOSITION FORM
----- ----- -----------
2-25-33 BUDS in each shaft--(with) 3 BUDS,FRUIT & FLOWER in
FRUITS and FLOWERS each shaft
Is63-7 The KINDNESS OF GOD I will The KINDENESS &PRAISES OF
recall---(with) THE PRAISES GOD I will recall
OF GOD
1-1-29 I have given TO YOU all I have given TO YOU and
vegetables to eat--AND (also TO THE ANIMALS all
given these) TO THE ANIMALS vegetables to eat
{LIST 10 is found at the beginning of the description}
{LIST11} does not exist
{LIST12} {Menorah & Altar are only utensils where God showed
Moses a diagram}
UTENSIL VERSE DID GOD SHOW MOSES DIAGRAM
------- ----- --------------------------
Ark 2-25-10 NO
CAPORETH 2-25-17 NO
Table 2-25-23 NO
Candellabrah 2-25-31 YES (2-25-9)
Paroceth 2-26-31 NO
ALTAR 2-27-1 YES (2-27-7)
CROSS REFERENCES:
----------------
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:
----------------
* To Rav Hirsch for the symbolism that Menorah=Educational system
* Rav Hirsch also developed the NOTE theory of PSHAT used here with
the new meanings (See Rav Hirsch on introduction to 2-21..."It is
like students taking notes at a lecture...every stroke has some
special significance).
* Rav Hirsch (Botanical-Thinking explanation of Menorah)
* Malbim (Footnote 101, Leviticus 20...He presents the
whole controversy on meanings of VV..he cites
several dozen talmudic passages)
* Malbim Footnote 263 Leviticus 4---he shows that HODAH EL
is a conjugation of 3 tenses
RULE CLASSIFICATION {See the web site for comparable examples}:
--------------------------------------------------------------
* NEW MEANINGS
* OTHER VERSES
* OVERALL STRUCTURE
* GRAMMAR
* USAGE
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----------------------
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Seir)
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