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(C) RashiYomi Incorporated, 2002
Written by Dr Russell Jay Hendel
Volume 15 Number 15
For the WORD QUALITY HTML VERSION click here
-----------------------------------
http://www.Rashiyomi.com/h15n15.htm
Produced Oct 3rd, 2002
WARNING: USE FIX WIDTH FONTS (eg COURIER (NEW) 10)
|
OVERVIEW OF HILIGHTS IN THIS ISSUE |
Whats new and hot in this issue? |
| ITEM | WHATS NEW & HOT IN THIS ISSUE |
| WORKBOOK | A workbook with all Rashi skill competencies*1 |
| ALIGNMENT | Several nice examples of ALIGNMENT are presented |
| GRAMMARr | The grammatical rule for CONTRAST is presented |
| |
| COMMENTS |
*1 Over the next year or so we will be writing modules for
the 2-4 dozen basic Rashi skill competencies needed for
learning Rashi. These modules will then be gathered into
a workbook which can be used at home or in schools In
the meantime each of these modules is usable in actual
schools or home-schooling situations.
|
|
Rashis covered in this issue |
|
| VERSE | RULE | BRIEF DESCRIPTION |
| ======== | =============== | ======================================== |
| Gn02-25a | RabbiIshmael | Sin made man AWARE of vulnerability |
| Gn03-07b | RabbiIshmael | Sin made man AWARE of vulnerability |
| Gn03-07a | RabbiIshmael | Sin made man AWARE of vulnerability |
| Gn03-11a | RabbiIshmael | Sin made man AWARE of vulnerability |
| Gn04-01a | RabbiIshmael | Sin made man AWARE of vulnerability |
| Gn03-01a | RabbiIshmael | Sin made man AWARE of vulnerability |
| Gn03-03a | ALIGNMENT | How does sin happens |
| Gn03-04a | ALIGNMENT | How does sin happens |
| Gn03-05b | ALIGNMENT | How does sin happens |
| Gn03-05a | MULTIPLE-RULES | GRAMMARr-ALIGNMENT:Sentence contrast |
| Gn42-04a | MULTIPLE-RULES | GRAMMARr-ALIGNMENT:Sentence contrast |
| --------- | ---------------- | ---------------------------------------- |
#*#*#*# (C) RashiYomi Inc., 2002, Dr. Hendel, President #*#*#*#*#
VERSE: Gn02-25a
RASHIS COVERED: Gn02-25a Gn03-07b Gn03-07a Gn03-11a
Gn04-01a Gn03-01a
|
VULNERABILITY |
VERY BRIEF SUMMARY
------------------
Gn02-25 states that although Adam & Eve were naked, nevertheless
they were not embarassed--i.e., not aware of their vulnerability
Continuing with this theme, Rashi interprets Gn03-07 as pointing
out,that after their sin,they became aware of their vulnerability
This theme of vulnerability is consistent with the implication of
Gn04-01 that the snake lusted Eve because of her nakedness--the
snake wanted Adam dead so he could marry Eve. [The following is
not in Rashi] We can make this more plausible by interpreting
nakedness, not as physical nakedness, but rather as a level of
adult flirting where people are physically aware of themselves*12
--------------------------------------
TODAYS RASHI RULE: RabbiIshmael
TODAYS RASHI SUBRULE: BROAD-LITERAL
--------------------------------------
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF RULE
-------------------------
Two obvious method of Rashi explanations of Chumash are (a)
routine dictionary translations of words (b) inference of
meaning from grammatical conjugation rules.
By contrast, a 3rd method of Rashi explanation involves
inferences from comparisons with other verses. One blatant
method of comparison occurs when 2 Biblical verses contradict
or complement each other. This necessitates a resolution of the
contradiction. We in fact have outlined 5 types of contradiction
resolution. These resolution methods use the 13th Rabbi Ishmael
principle -- the resolution of contradictory verses.
One approach is to use BROAD vs LITERAL meaning in certain verses
The use of different degrees of interpretation allows harmonizing
the contradictory verses. The standard example below illustrates
this.
STANDARD EXAMPLE
----------------
The following 2 verses discuss how long a slave may be employed
- Dt15-17 ... the slave will work FOREVER
- Lv25-10 ... the slave will work TILL JUBILEE(50 years)
STUDENT EXERCISES:
------------------
-- What is the SAME in the ALIGNED verses
-- What is DIFFERENT in the ALIGNED verses
-- Try resolving the 2 verses using BROAD-LITERAL meaning
RASHIS SOLUTION
---------------
- Dt15-17 ... the slave will work A LONG TIME( =FOREVER!)
- Lv25-10 ... the slave will work TILL JUBILEE(50 years)
In other words, by reinterpreting FOREVER as A LONG TIME
Rashi removes the contradiction between the two verses.
STANDARD REFERENCES FOR THIS RULE
---------------------------------
The Rashi rules http://www.RashiYomi.com/rules-01.htm
http://www.Rashiyomi.com/ri-14.htm
Or you can visit the Rashi Yomi Calendar at
http://www.RashiYomi.com/calendar1.htm
The RI (Rabbi Ishmael) series was the very first
daily rashi series.
HOW TO USE THESE LISTS FOR SCHOOL PROJECTS
------------------------------------------
You can use the LISTS referenced above for
school projects. Here is how. If you are a
teacher then you can present the two aligned contradictory
verses and ask the students to perform the
3 student exercises listed above.
The students can then compare their analysis with that
of Rashis. This leads to greater appreciation of Rashi.
TODAYS EXAMPLE
--------------
We present a list of contradictory verse pairs which are
resolved by BROAD-LITERAL meaning. The footnotes present
3 other approaches involving technical nuances of word
meanings as well as grammar. The footnotes also indicate
which words are interpreted broadly. |
| VERSE1 | VERSE2 | COMBINED UNIFIED TEXT OF VERSES |
| Gn02-25 | Gn03-07 | Adam &Eve were UNAWARE OF VULNERABILITY of sin*1 |
| Dt15-17 | Lv25-10 | Slaves work FOREVER=A LONG TIME=TILL JUBILEE*2 |
| Lv07-09 | Lv07-10 | The PRIEST=DIVSION OF PRIEST,gets sacrifice*3 |
| Lv04-03 | Lv04-03 | A Young ADULT Bullock = BEGINNING ADULTHOOD*4 |
| | |
| COMMENTS |
*1 Gn02-25a says ADAM/EVE werent EMBARASSED by their nakedness
Gn03-07b says ADAM/EVE became AWARE of their vulnerability
Thus Rashi interprets the word KNOW in Gn03-07b as AWARE
This is a BROAD interpretation.
Similarly Rashi interprets ADAM/EVE EYES OPENED as meaning
BECOME AWARE (Gn03-07a *10)
Similarly Rashi interprets Gn03-11a as a reprimand by God
for sinning and consequently becoming aware of their
vulnerability and capacity for sin.
Another approach (instead of using contradictory verses)
is to use word nuances. In general KNOW in the Bible means
FAMILIAR. *11
The above interpretation in terms of vulnerability is
consistent with the assertion that the snake saw Eve
naked and wanted Adam dead so he could marry her*13
*2 Thus the word FOREVER is interpreted broadly
instead of literally--FOREVER means A LONG TIME
*3 Thus the word PRIEST is interpreted BROADLY to refer to
the ROTATION OF THAT PRIEST
*4 YOUNG ADULT is interpreted as BEGINNING ADULTHOOD.
Thus YOUNG broadly refers to YOUNG ADULTHOOD
Similarly ADULT broadly refers to BEGINNING ADULTHOOD
| LONGER FOOTNOTES |
*10 cf
- Isa42-20 OPEN EARS
- 2K07-17 God Open his eyes(and make him understand)
In both these verses the Hebrew root P-K-Ch
means TO UNDERSTAND
*11 See http://www.RashiYomi.com/know-5.htm
*12 In defense of this contribution of mine I point out that
Adam was a Prophet. We have never heard that prophecy
comes to naked people and such an assertion seems
irreverant and contradictory to prophetic holiness.
Thus I interpret NAKED as ADULT FLIRTING where one has
a heighted awareness of ones physical self. Such an
interpretation is consistent with the Talmudic observation
that MARITAL HAPPINESS only happens to the thoroughly
righteous and thoroughly wicked (but not to those
inbetween).
*13 The following two postings justify this assertion using
grammatical means
http://www.RashiYomi.com/ex24-01a.htm
http://www.RashiYomi.com/cp-9.htm
| |
RASHI RULE USED: RabbiIshmael
#*#*#*# (C) RashiYomi Inc., 2002, Dr. Hendel, President #*#*#*#*#
VERSE: Gn03-03a
RASHIS COVERED: Gn03-03a Gn03-04a Gn03-05b
|
HOW IT HAPPENS |
VERY BRIEF SUMMARY
------------------
Rashi skillfully uses an alignment of GODS COMMAND vs MANS
memory of that command to study how it(sin) happens. The
aligned verses show 3-4*10 differences between them. Rashi
inteprets these differences as showing how sin happens.
For example (a) God said dont EAT from the tree while Eve
said dont EAT/TOUCH the tree. So if she accidentally touched
the tree and didnt die she would have doubt on the commandment
(b)(Not in Rashi)Similarly God allowed Adam/Eve to eat from
ANY other tree; Eve forgot the word ANY--so possibly God is
vindictive and will prohibit more
----------------------------------------
TODAYS RASHI RULE: ALIGNMENT
TODAYS RASHI SUBRULE: FURTHER NUANCES
----------------------------------------
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF RULE
-------------------------
Many Rashis do NOT focus on an internal analysis of the verse.
There may be nothing bothering Rashi in THAT verse. The words
used may all be normal.
But when the given verse is compared with another verse--that
is, when the two verses are ALIGNED together-- we see blatant
differences.
The ALIGNED verses therefore suggest that these ALIGNED
DIFFERENCES were deliberately placed there to emphasize
certain nuances. The standard example will illustrtae this.
STANDARD EXAMPLE
----------------
Recall that the Moabite King BALAK was apprehensive about
Israel journeying throught its territory. It wanted Israel
banished. It hired a professional curse-man, Bilam who would
curse the Jews. Bilam however describes his job SLIGHTLY
differently. Here are the verses.
-----------------------------------------------
BALAK: Nu22-06 I will banish Jews FROM THE LAND
BILAM: Nu22-11 ...... banish Jews -------------
-----------------------------------------------
EXERCISE
--------
To fully appreciate Rashi perform the following 2 exercises
- What is the minor difference between the aligned verses?
- What NUANCE do YOU think this implies?
RASHIS SOLUTION
---------------
BALAK only wanted Jews away from his land; his goals were
political. By contrast, BILAM wanted them DESTROYED. Hence...
BALAK wanted Jews BANISHED FROM THE LAND. But Bilam wanted
them BANISHED PERIOD (That is destroyed).
STANDARD REFERENCES FOR THIS RULE
---------------------------------
http://www.Rashiyomi.com/align-58.htm
This summary may be a bit too terse. You can browse the
57 postings leading up to by going to
http://www.Rashiyomi.com/align-1.htm
http://www.Rashiyomi.com/align-2.htm etc.
Or you can visit the Rashi Yomi Calendar at
http://www.RashiYomi.com/calendar1.htm
This calendar presents a day by day listing of Rashis.
The ALIGNMENT series occurs between 7-28-01 and 10-10-01.
HOW TO USE THESE LISTS FOR SCHOOL PROJECTS
------------------------------------------
You can use the LISTS referenced above for
school projects. Here is how. If you are a
teacher then you can present the two aligned
verses and ask the students to perform the
following exercises
-- What are the minor differences between the verses
-- What nuances do they imply
The students can then compare their analysis with that
of Rashis. This leads to greater appreciation of Rashi.
TODAYS EXAMPLE
--------------
We align the two verses--Gods prohibition vs mans The footnotes
show how mans lapsed memory of the prohibition enabled the
snake to cast doubts in man on the original prohibition. Thus
this list affords us a study of how sin happens. |
| VERSE | PHRASE1 | PHRASE2 | PHRASE3 |
| Gn02-16:17 | Eat from ANY tree | Dont EAT/----- | from KNOWLEDGE TREE |
| Gn03-02:03 | Eat from --- tree | Dont EAT/TOUCH | from CENTER TREES |
| Differs | *1 | *2 | *3 |
| | | |
| COMMENTS |
*1 Rashi does not explain this difference but it should be clear
-------------------------------------------------------------
Eve, you have forgotten that God allowed you to eat from
ANY other tree. Good. So, just as God prohibited eating
from this tree so too he might prohibit eating from other
trees. In fact God is jealous of you and doesnt want you
to enjoy yourself
-------------------------------------------------------------
Thus we have the theme of God hating man and therefore giving
him prohibitions (vs the theme that God loves man and gave
him prohibitions to redeem him). This can be used to seduce
people
*2 Rashi explicitly points out that God prohibited ONLY EATING
From the tree while Eve thought TOUCHING the tree was
prohibited (Gn03-03a)
Rashi suggests that the snake utilized this lapse of memory
For example he might have pushed Eve into the tree and said
----------------------------------------------------
See - you touched the tree and didnt die...so too if
you eat from the tree you wont die
----------------------------------------------------
See *11
*3 (Gn03-05b) God only prohibited the TREE OF KNOWLEDGE while
Eve suggested that God prohibited all trees in the center
of the garden (Including the tree of life). So the snake
suggested that if they ate from the tree of life they
would have many children, prolong their name & memory
indefinitely and be like God(Creating a world of people)
Again: The snake used Eves lapse to cast doubt on the original
command.
| LONGER FOOTNOTES |
*10 We concentrated on the main differences in the above list.
But there is a further difference in the punishment
----------------------------------------------------------
Gn02-17 FOR ON THE DAY you eat from the tree you will die
Gn03-03 ------------------------------------ you will die
----------------------------------------------------------
Thus God emphasized that they would die ON THAT DAY while
Eve simply said WE WILL DIE. Perhaps then the snake pointed
out that JUST AS THEY DIDNT DIE ON THAT DAY THAT EVE TOUCHED
THE TREE SO TOO SHE WOULD NEVER DIE...RATHER SHE WOULD BECOME
GOD-LIKE AND LIVE FOREVER.
At any rate we can work the above difference into our
general analysis of differences and the theme that sin
comes from people forgetting subtleties and being tempted
by them.
*11 It is not necessary to take this Rashi literally--rather
we should believe that the SNAKE UTILIZED EVES MEMORY LAPSE
TO MAKE HER DOUBT. Other ways of making her doubt also exist
eg. The snake might speak to her a long time and eg she might
at one point say EATING IS PROHIBITED while at another point
say EATING & TOUCHING IS PROHIBITED. Thus the snake would
have opportunity to make her doubt that she remembered.
The important point to emphasize here is that Rashi is
focusing on the alignment (As Rashi himself says). The
details of HOW TO RESOLVE This alignment need not be fixed.
We simply observe that the snake utilized Eves memory lapses
to cause doubt---there are MANY ways this could have happened
Rashi gives just one (Gn03-04a)
| |
RASHI RULE USED: ALIGNMENT
#*#*#*# (C) RashiYomi Inc., 2002, Dr. Hendel, President #*#*#*#*#
VERSE: Gn03-05a
RASHIS COVERED: Gn03-05a Gn42-04a
|
FAMOUS ADAGES |
VERY BRIEF SUMMARY
------------------
In about 400 verses the Bible uses the DO-NOT-DO-X-RATHER-DO-Y
construction (or NO-X-DO-Y). In a few of these verses we
have an interspersed citation:NO-X-(SINCE SO &SO THINKS)-RATHER-Y
Rashi interprets these CITATIONS as indicating KNOWN ADAGES
-- Gn42-04 He did NOT send Benjamin SINCE HE THOUGHT,
LEST an accident happen (Implying the adage that MISFORTUNE
WILL HAPPEN WHEN THERE IS DANGER).
-- Gn03-03:04 You will NOT die from eating forbidden fruit,
SINCE GOD KNOWS, RATHER you will become like GOD (Implying the
adage: All artisans (God) are jealous of fellow artisans(Man)
------------------------------------------------
TODAYS RASHI RULE: GRAMMAR
TODAYS RASHI SUBRULE: CONTRAST
------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------
TODAYS RASHI RULE: ALIGNMENT
TODAYS RASHI SUBRULE: NUANCE
------------------------------------------------
Brief Explanation of Rashi Rule and Subrule
-------------------------------------------
One of Rashis main goals is to explain Grammar the same
way modern Hebrew dictionaries explain grammar. A powerful
method to infer new grammatical rules is to use the
ALIGNMENT method.
As an example the list below presents half a dozen examples
of SENTENCE CONTRAST. Each of the sentences in the list uses
the format NOT-X-RATHER-Y. However certain rare examples
intersperse this format with a CITATION: NOT-X-(SINCE WE THINK)
-RATHER-Y.
This alignment makes us aware of the Rarity of this added
citation and justifies inferring emphasis from it.
TODAYS LIST
-----------
We present half a dozen examples of the NO-X-RATHER-Y
construction. In two of them we have an interspersed
citation which Rashi interprets as indicating a general
principle reflected by a well known adage. |
| VERSE | DENIAL PHRASE | CITATION | RATHER Phrase |
| Gn42-04a | He didNT send Benjamin | (he said) | LEST an accident*2 |
| Gn03-03:04 | You will NOT die | (God Knows) | RATHER youll live*2 |
| Gn15-04 | He woNT inherit you | | RATHER your son |
| Gn18-15 | He said NO | | RATHER you laughed |
| Gn32-27 | I will NOT send you | | UNLESS you bless me |
| Differ | *1 | *2 | *1 |
| | | |
| | | |
| COMMENTS |
*1 The grammatical structure is identical. It consists of
the following grammatical form
----------------------------------------------------
Do NOT do X (LEST|RATHER) do Y
----------------------------------------------------
There are about 400 such phrases in the Bible
*2 Two of these NO-X-RATHER-Y have CITATIONS built into them
The alignment suggests that these citations carry some
type of emphasis In each case the Rashi understands
this emphasis to be a more general principle
-- The verse Gn42-04a
-- Benjamin will NOT go LEST an accident occur---
implies the adage that
----------------------------------------------
SATAN(MISFORTUNE) HAPPENS WHEN THERE IS DANGER
----------------------------------------------
-- The verse Gn03-03:04
-- You will NOT die; RATHER you will become like god & live
implies the adage
----------------------------------------------------------
All artisans are jealous/hate fellow artisans
(If you become like God, then God will be jealous of you*10
----------------------------------------------------------
| LONGER FOOTNOTES |
*10 To summarize
-- In the typical case we use the construction
---------------
NO X RATHER Y
---------------
-- But when we wish to emphasize a general principle
governing the contrast of X and Y we use the construction
-------------------------------------
NO X, SINCE SO & SO THINKS, RATHER Y
-------------------------------------
| |
RASHI RULE USED: MULTIPLE-GRAMMAR
#*#*#*# (C) RashiYomi Inc., 2002, Dr. Hendel, President #*#*#*#*#
THE 6 RASHI RULE CLASSES(Version 3.2 Dec 15 2001)
http://www.Rashiyomi.com/rules-01.htm
Copyright Dec 2001, RashiYomi Inc. Dr Hendel President
========================================================
THE DICTIONARY RULE: Rashi can function as a dictionary.
He presents 2-6 meanings of words
REFERENCE: http://www.RashiYomi.Com/words.htm
========================================================
* EXAMPLE 1: AL means ON. AL can also mean
- WITH (Eat Passover WITH matzoh Ex12-09e)
- IN (Place the Matzoh IN the basket Ex29-03)
- TO (The boards shall be even from bottom TO top Ex26-24c)
- NEAR (His borders will be NEAR Tzison Gn49-13b)
- AFTER(Offer Peace offerings AFTER the daily Lv03-05a)
* EXAMPLE 2: KI means IF,PERHAPS,RATHER,BECAUSE,WHEN,THAT
Gn18-15a Gn24-33a
* EXAMPLE 3: YDA means FAMILIAR, not KNOW (eg Dt34-10a)
eg Gn04-01 Adam was FAMILIAR with his wife
* EXAMPLE 4: ON THE FACE OF means DURING THE LIFETIME
Nu03-04a Gn11-28a Ex20-03c Dt05-07a
===========================================================
THE GRAMMAR RULE: Rashi comments on RARE or SIMILAR usages
REFERENCE:http://www.RashiYomi.Com/grammar.htm
===========================================================
* EXAMPLE 1: BA-ah means CAME;ba-AH means COMING(Gn46-26a)
* EXAMPLE 2:THE SENTENCE: 0.2% of Biblical sentences are 2verses
-(Dt11-07:08) It was not your fathers who saw this;rather you
* EXAMPLE 3: Hitpael has different rules if 1st root letter is
Tzade (USE: Ni-Tz-Ta-Dack not Ni-Th-Tza-Dack--Gn44-16a)
================================================================
THE CITATION RULE: Rashi enriches meaning by citing OTHER verses
REFERENCE:http://www.RashiYomi.Com/other-20.htm
================================================================
* EXAMPLE 1: Dt26-05d We went down to Egypt with A FEW PEOPLE
ENRICHED by Gn46-27: We went down with 70 people
* EXAMPLE 2: Lv01-05a Non-priests may SLAUGHTER offerings
This law DERIVED from explicit statement in 2Chr30-17
* EXAMPLE 3:Why does Rashi say that Chur is Miriams son(Ex17-10b)
DERIVED from possible interpretation of 1-Chr18-19
* EXAMPLE 4: Gn35-22a Reuven Slept with Bilhah(Fathers concubine)
Gn49-04 Reuven PLAYED with fathers BEDS
CONCLUSION: Reuven inteferred with fathers personal
life(ruffled bedspreads); Bible condemns Reuven by
exaggeration; he is accused of incest which he didnt do
=================================================================
THE 3 RABBI ISHMAEL RULES: They govern style(broad vs literal)
REFERENCE:http://www.RashiYomi.com/example1.htm thru example9.htm
=================================================================
* EXAMPLE 1: Simple sentences are always GENERALIZED
---------------------------------------
Dt25-04a Dont MUZZLE an OX while it is THRESHING
Rabbi Ishmael: Dont STOP any ANIMAL from eating
while DOING ITS WORK
* EXAMPLE 2: GENERAL-EXAMPLE style always interpreted LITERALLY
--------------------------------------------------
Nu05-12d (GENERAL) If a women DESECRATES her marriage
(EXAMPLE) and commits ADULTERY
Rabbi Ishmael: Nu05 only applies to ADULTERY.
It does not apply to other marriage DESECRATIONS
* EXAMPLE 3: GENERAL-EXAMPLE-GENERAL style intepreted SIMILARLY
--------------------------------------------------
Lv05-21b (GENERAL) If a man DENIES under oath
(EXAMPLE) ..denies a deposit,loan,theft,wages,lost item
(GENERAL) or ANY DENIAL which he denies
RABBI ISHMAEL: These laws apply to any SIMILAR Example
* The law applies to partnerships, movables and monetary objects
* The law does not apply to real-estate or slander
=================================================================
THE CLIMAX RULE: The Bible should be interpreted in such a manner
that it reflects CLIMACTIC development to a goal
REFERENCE: http://www.RashiYomi.Com/example9.htm
=================================================================
EXAMPLE 1: Dt19-11a If a man HATES, SPIES, CONFRONTS & KILLS
RASHI: Bible identifies 4 stages to murder(Capped)
==============================================================
THE FORMATTING PRINCIPLE: Bible had its own method to mimic
bold, bullets, footnotes, paragraphs
==============================================================
* BOLD: Bible REPEATS words to obtain BOLD emphasis effect
http://www.RashiYomi.Com/doubl-14.htm
--------------------------------------------------------------
EXAMPLE 1:(Ex12-09c) COOK COOK it in water (So COOKED is bold)
INFERENCE: Prefered to COOK it in water;
But COOK It at all costs(Even if you dont have water)
* BULLETS: Bible indicates bullets by REPEATING KEYWORDS
--------------------------------------------------------
Who am I
- THAT I should go to Pharaoh
- THAT I should take the Jews out of Egypt (Ex03-11a)
--------------------------------------------------------
RASHI: Repeated word THAT creates BULLET effect
- Pharoh was a difficult king (Bullet one)
- Jews were not yet ready for freedom (Bullet two)
* FOOTNOTES: The Bible indicates FOOTNOTES by ALMOST DUPLICATING
verses but making small minor changes
http://www.RashiYomi.Com/align-58.htm
---------------------------------------------------------------
EXAMPLE: Ex20-03a
VERSE PHRASE #1 PHRASE #2 PHRASE #3
------- --------- --------- ------------------
Ex20-03 Dont POSSESS the gods of others
Ex20-04 Dont MAKE idols
RASHI: So both POSSESSion & MAKING of idols are prohibited
---------------------------------------------------------------
End of Rashi is Simple Digest
|
#*#*#*#*# (C) RashiYomi, 2001 Inc. Dr. Hendel President #*#*#*#*#