SUCCINCT SUMMARY
----------------
A powerful but simple Rashi method is the CITATION or CROSS-
REFERENCING of an OTHER VERSE for the purpose of adding
FURTHER DETAILS to a verse we are studying. We call this
the OTHER VERSE method. There are three submethods to the
OTHER VERSE method.

If the verse actually CITES or refers to an OTHER VERSE we
call this the SUBMETHOD of CITATION.

If the OTHER VERSE explains the meaning of
some term in the first verse we call this the SUBMETHOD
of MEANING.

If the first verse does not cite an other verse and if
no meaning is explained then we call this the SUBMETHOD
of FURTHER DETAILS since the 2nd verse either confirms
the first verse or typically adds FURTHER DETAILS to
the first verse

EXAMPLE 1: Dt03-18b
-------------------
Biblical verse Dt03-16:18 states
------------------------------------
And to the Reubenites and to the GADITES
I gave .... And I commanded YOU at that time,
saying, .... you shall pass over armed
BEFORE YOUR BROTHERS the people of Israel,
all who are fit for the war.
-----------------------------------------

Rashi seeks to clarify why Gad went armed
------------------------
BEFORE YOUR BROTHERS
-------------------------
Rashi clarifies this by citing an other verse Dt33-20
which states
--------------------------------------------
And of GAD he said, Blessed be he who
enlarges Gad; he lives as a LION,
and tears the arm with the crown of the head
--------------------------------------------

Hence the Rashi comment
-------------------------------------------
Why did Moses order Gad to go
ARMED BEFORE HIS BROTHERS?
Because he was a strong warrior like a LION.
-------------------------------------------

EXAMPLE 2: Dt02-05a
-------------------------------------
Verse Dt02-05a states
---------------------------------------
I gave Esauv MOUNT SEIR. Therefore
Don't take ANYTHING from Esauv UNTIL
the stomping of the foot
---------------------------------------

Rashi clarifies the cited phrase
----------------------------------
the stomping of the foot
----------------------------------
by citing an OTHER VERSE Za14-02:05
-----------------------------------
For I will gather all nations
against Jerusalem to battle;
and the city shall be taken,
and the houses rifled,
and the women raped;
Then shall the Lord go forth,
and fight against those nations,
as when he fought in the day of battle.
And HIS FEET SHALL STAND ON THAT DAY
upon the Mount of Olives, and...
-----------------------------------

Hence the Rashi comment
------------------------------------
The Jews were prohibited taking Esauv's
inheritance until the Messianic era
called THE STOMPING OF THE FOOT
when God shall give victory to the Jews
------------------------------------

Note this Rashi is consistent with other
OTHER VERSES which promise Jewish expansion
in the Messianic era. One such verse is Dt19-08


LIST210v summarizes the above example, provides
further detail and lists other examples of verse
pairs with one verse illuminating an OTHER VERSE

List of verses pairs     with one verse illuminating another
LIST210v CONTINUES LIST210a LIST210z LIST210y LIST210x LIST210w

SUCCINCT SUMMARY
----------------
One of Rashis 10 main methods is the explanation of meaning
the same way a dictionary explains meaning. We call this
the WORD MEANING method.

----------------------------------------------
Rashi had 10 vehicles to explain meaning. The SYNONYM
submethod takes words with known meanings and shows the
similarity and nuances in each term.
----------------------------------------------

EXAMPLE 1: Dt01-13e
-------------------
Dt01-13e states
-------------------------------------------------
Choose wise and understanding men,
FAMILIAR among your tribes,
and I will make them judicial leaders over you
---------------------------------------------------

Rashi's contribution to this verse is to translate
the Hebrew word, YUD DALET HEY, usually translated
as KNOWN, as FAMILIAR. Rashi explains the advantage
of the translation FAMILIAR vs KNOWN
-------------------------------------------
Take judges who are familiar with you.
Why? So if a person comes dressed in a
distinguished suit and looks religious
then a judge who doesn't know him personally might
judge him by his appearance while a judge
who is familiar with his constituency
would not be fooled by him.
--------------------------------------------

EXAMPLE 2: Dt06-18a
-------------------
Verse Dt06-18a states
----------------------------------
...and you shall do te GOOD AND PROPER
in the eyes of God in order that you live
long on the land God gave you
----------------------------------

It is clear from context that GOOD AND PROPER
is an IDIOM meaning JUSTICE. Rashi further
clarifies its nuances
---------------------------------------------------
- JUSTICE refers to conformity with the legal code
- GOOD and PROPER refers to COURT COMPROMISE
---------------------------------------------------

In passing I should explain, as I heard from
Rabbi Joseph Baer Soloveitchick, the Rav, that
----------------------------------------------
Unlike American law, COURT COMPROMISE is not
something done OUT OF COURT but rather an
intrinsic part of the COURT procedure. That
is judges will always offer litigants the
right to a decision by compromise--after hearing
the case the judges will first determine the
actual law and then consider other factors
so as to reach a COMPROMISE. COURT COMPROMISE
is considered a superior method of settlement
----------------------------------------------

EXAMPLE 3: Dt04-20a
-------------------
Verse Dt04-20 states
--------------------------------------
God took you from the IRON POT, from Egypt
--------------------------------------

Here the Hebrew word, KAPH VAV RESH is translated
as POT.  Rashi provides further nuances explaining
the type of POT
----------------------------------------------
- KAPH VAV RESH is a CALDRON POT used for
refining metals
- Other words for POTS refer to ORDINARY pots
----------------------------------------------

LIST955y presents other Rashis commenting on SYNONYMS

List of                  Synonym pairs
LIST955y continues LIST955z
LIST955z continues LIST955a

SUCCINCT SUMMARY
----------------
One of  Rashis 10 main goals is to explain grammar
the same way GRAMMAR textbooks explain GRAMMAR.

GRAMMAR has a rich variety of rules. One little known
rule of GRAMMAR is the pun rule which states that
an author can misspell a word so as to give dual
meaning to words (the misspelled word hints at
another meaning).

We call this the rule of PUNS.
PUNS are common in all languages. In FALL 2006
a paper on PUNS will appear in the JEWISH
BIBLE QUARTERLY. In that paper I show how Biblical puns
are frequently intended by the Author and describe the
various types of puns. PUNS are a powerful method
to indicate additional information.

EXAMPLE Dt01-13a
----------------
Dt01-13a states
----------------------------------------
Choose wise and understanding men,
known among your tribes,
and I will pLACE them as
judicial leaders (Judges) over you
------------------------------------

To mimic the Biblical Hebrew we Capitalized
the LACE in "pLACE". Hence the Rashi comment
------------------------------------
When the community sins
and the judicial leaders
do not protest and try
criminals God LACES
into them and holds them responsible
------------------------------------

Here Rashi utilizes the pun, indicated by a deliberate
misspelling (capitalization) to indicate a moral value
that God holds the Judges responsible for the sins of
the people.

The pun we have presented above PLACE vs pLACE is
indicated by deleting the YUD from the Hebrew word
VAV ALEPH SIN YUD MEM MEM which means PLACE and making
it read VAV ALEPH SIN MEM MEM which means DESOLATE. The
actual Hebrew Rashi states
-------------------------------------------
When the community sins
and the judicial leaders
do not protest and try
criminals God DESOLATES
them and holds them responsible
-------------------------------------------

EXAMPLE 2: Dt02-33a
--------------------
Verse Dt02-33a states
--------------------------------------
And the Lord our God delivered him before us;
and we struck him, and his SONs,
and all his people
--------------------------------------

Here the English word SONS is misspelled SONs
transforming the PLURAL into the SINGULAR. This
English pun mirrors the Hebrew pun which removes
the YUD from the plural Hebrew word
BETH NUN YUD VAV making it read in the singular
as BETH NUN VAV.

Hence the Rashi comment
--------------------------------------------
The pun teaches us that when
they conquered his sons
they also conquered the son whom
he was training to replace him.
--------------------------------------------
In other words the conquest was total


LIST080a below gives a list of BIBLICAL PUNS

List of verses with      Puns from deliberate misspelling

SUCCINCT SUMMARY
----------------
One of Rashis 10 main goals was the resolution of
contradictions. These contradictions typically arise
from two verses stating contradictory things.
We call this the RASHI RULE OF CONTRADICTION.

Rashi had three methods to resolve contradiction. If
the CONTRADICTION could be resolved by viewing the
contradictory verses as two aspects of the same item then
we employ the TWO ASPECTS method of resolution. If
the CONTRADICTION could be resolved by viewing the
contradictory verses as two stages of the same process then
we employ the TWO STAGES submethod. Finally if the
CONTRADICTION could be resolved by retranslating the verses
using broader or more literal meanings then we use the
BROAD-LITERAL submethod.

EXAMPLE Dt01-08b
----------------
-Dt01-08b states
----------------------------------
GOD SAID, GO UP AND CONQUER ISRAEL
----------------------------------

-Dt01-19:23 states
-------------------------------------
MOSES SAID, GO UP AND CONQUER ISRAEL;
BUT YOU CAME AND WANTED SPIES AND
I,[MOSES], LIKED THE IDEA
-------------------------------------

We see the CONTRADICTION. Which is it?
- Were the Jews suppose to simply conquer Israel
- OR, were they suppose to 1st send spies and then
conquer Israel.

Rashi resolves this

Rashi resolves this CONTRADICTION
using the TWO ASPECTS resolution method.
--------------------------------------------------
- GOD wanted the Jews to simply conquer Israel
- but MOSES acquiesced to the PEOPLE's desire to
1st spy the land out.
----------------------------------------------------

Rashi derives this distinction
- what GOD wanted vs
- what MOSES and the PEOPLE wanted
from the explicit verse statement
-------------------------------------
BUT YOU CAME AND WANTED SPIES AND
I,[MOSES], LIKED THE IDEA
-------------------------------------

In other words God's original intention
was for the Jews to simply conquer Israel
(by Divine miracle). But God acquiesced to
the people's idea, which Moses liked to
first spy the land out.

LIST510b below gives other examples of CONTRADICTORY
verses resolved thru TWO ASPECTS

List of verses with      Contradiction resolved by 2 cases
LIST510b continues LIST510a

SUCCINCT SUMMARY
----------------
Some Rashi comments deal with FORMATTING.
Modern authors FORMAT using such techniques as
BULLETS, PARAGRAPHING, BOLD, ITALICS and UNDERLINE.
The Biblical Author achieved these effects but thru
different means.

For example a modern author might hilight distinct
items using BULLETS. The Biblical Author hilights
distinct items using REPEATING KEYWORDS.

We call this the Rashi rule of FORMATTING with the Rashi
subrule of KEYWORDS AS BULLETS

Rashi could also infer from the general PARAGRAPH STRUCTURE
(without any keywords). We call this the the Rashi rule of
FORMATTING with the Rashi subrule of PARAGRAPHS.

In todays example the BULLETING effect is indicated
- by REPEATING KEYWORDS in two of the items
- by a PARALLEL LISTING OF SUBJECTS in three items

EXAMPLE Dt01-22c Dt01-22d
-------------------------
Dt01-22 states
--------------------------------------------
And you came near me every one of you, and said,
We will send men before us,
and they shall spy the land, and bring us word
- OF which ROAD to go up on, and  -- TO AVOID AMBUSHES
- OF which CITIES to come to ------- THE EASIEST TO CONQUEST
-----------------------------------------------------

The Rashi comments have been placed in caps on the
right. In summary Rashi sees the bullets as emphasizing
a group of concerns for spies: the identification of the
- good roads which make ambushes difficult and
- easy cities which could be conquered first.

LIST120q below summarizes this argument

BULLETED structure of    Dt01-22:Spies for a)ROADS b) CITIES

Lighting summary of Rashis with emphasis on Rashi rules*10